Education in russia реферат
Обновлено: 02.07.2024
Education in Russia
Образование в России
Education is a significant part of the life. There are many kinds of education: it can be self-education, school education, higher education and so on. Anyway, every kind of education gives us much experience and much knowledge which are connected not only with particular science or scientific field but also with our understanding of the world and of the people’s relationships.
Образование является важной частью жизни. Существует много видов образования: самообразование, школьное образование, высшее образование и т.д. В любом случае, каждый вид образования дает нам много опыта и много знаний, которые связаны не только с конкретной наукой или научной областью, но и с нашим пониманием мира и отношений между людьми.
The system of education varies from country to country. What is the system of education in Russia? First of all, it is divided into several groups: general education, further education and supplementary education.
Система образования в каждой стране разная. Какая система образования в России? Прежде всего, образование разделено на несколько групп: общее образование, высшее образование и дополнительное образование.
General education aimed to develop the personal qualities, basic knowledge and skills is divided into four groups: preschool education, elementary education, basic general education and secondary general education. Children who are from the age of two months to the age of seven years can go to preschool institutes. Then children who are from the age of six years and a half to the age of eight years begin to go to elementary school. It is a compulsory step of general education and it lasts four years. The following stage of education – basic general education – lasts five years. After that pupils can have secondary general education which lasts two years or go to institutions of tertiary education.
Общее образование, направленное на развитие личных качеств, базовых знаний и навыков, подразделяется на четыре группы: дошкольное, начальное, основное общее и среднее общее. Дети, которые в возрасте от двух месяцев до семи лет могут поступить в дошкольные учреждения. Затем дети, которые в возрасте от шести с половиной до восьми лет, начинают ходить в начальную школу. Это обязательный шаг общего образования, и он длится четыре года. Следующий этап обучения – основное общее образование – длится пять лет. После этого ученики могут получить среднее общее образование, которое длится два года, или поступать в учреждения среднего и высшего образования.
Further education includes tertiary education, bachelor’s degree, specialist degree, master’s degree and postgraduate degree. Also it is possible both for children and adults to have the supplementary education.
Высшее образование включает среднее профессиоанльное образование, бакалавриат, специалитет, магистратуру и аспирантуру. Также возможно как для детей, так и для взрослых, получить дополнительное образование.
Our country has a lot of kindergartens, schools, colleges and universities. Today every child has a possibility to study at university. The only thing is that you have to study well at school, so you can enter any university.
Anyway at the age of 2-3 years old children go to kindergarten. Today many parents work, so children stay in kindergartens from 8 to 17 five days per week. Here children can play, study, sleep and so on.
When a child is 6 he can go to primary school. Here they study writing, reading, counting, music, art, physical education.
When the pupil is 11 he goes to basic school. Pupils have here more lessons and program becomes more complicated. Besides school many pupils go to different extra classes: dancing, football, photo and so on. From my experience I can say this life is very tiring.
General education consists of 34 weeks per year and ~30 hours per week.
After completing basic general education the students have to participate in final examinations. And after completing secondary school, students have to pass State Final Attestation.
Instead if secondary school pupils can choose gymnasiums and Lyceums. There are also internationals schools in Russia, where you study different subjects in English.
After school teenagers go to college or university, but you have to study very well. After passing tests you will have the answer from university if you are accepted or not.
Образование в России
В нашей стране много детских садов, школ, колледжей и университетов. Сегодня каждый ребёнок имеет возможность учиться в университете. Единственное, что для этого нужно, иметь высокий балл и хорошие знания в школе, тогда вы сможете поступить.
Итак, в возрасте 2-3 лет дети идут в детский сад. Сегодня много родителей работают, поэтому, дети в саду с 8 утра до 5 вечера пять дней в неделю. Здесь дети играют, учатся, спят и так далее.
Когда ребёнку исполняется 6 лет, он идёт в начальную школу. Тут они учатся письму, чтению, счёту, музыке, рисованию, физкультуре.
Когда ученику исполняется 11 лет, он идёт в базовую школу. Тут уж добавляется школьных предметов и программа становится сложнее. Помимо школы многие ученики посещают дополнительные занятия: танцы, футбол, фото и так далее. Из собственного опыта могу сказать, такая программа очень утомительная.
В общем образование в год составляет 34 недели по 30 часов в неделю в среднем.
После окончания общей школы, ученики сдают финальный экзамен. А после окончания средней школы- проходит государственная финальная аттестация.
Конечно, вместо средней школы ребята могут пойти учиться в гимназию или лицей. А ещё есть в России международные школы, где обучение предметам проходит на английском языке.
После школы молодежь идёт учиться в колледж или университет, но учиться нужно хорошо. После сдачи тестов вы получите ответ из университета, приняты вы или нет.
Secondary education is mandatory in Russia. Children start school at the age of 6 and finish at 17 . As a rule, a child attends the school located in the neighborhood,the one which is the closes to home . However , there in big cities there are also so-called "special" schools , offering more in-depth studies of the major European languages ( English , French, or German), or the advanced courses in physics and mathematics, and children attending one of these may have to commute from home. There are no school buses in Russia.
The first stage of education is elementary school for grades 1 through 4. The second is secondary school for grades 5 through 9 . Upon graduation from secondary school ( which is not the equivalent of having completed their secondary education ) , students are given the choice of either continuing to attend the same school (high school; grades 10 and 11 ), or entering a vocational school or trade school. Both vocational school and trade schools are meant to provide one , long with the certificate of secondary education, with a number of useful skills ( e.g. , those of an electrician, technical, or computer operator ).One attends the former for two years, and the latter for three or four.
Haveing completed one's secondary education, one can either become part of work force or go on to college ( " institution of higher learning " ). There are universityes and so-called "institutes" in Russian . The former stress a more teoretical , fundamental approach to education , while the latter are more practice oriented.
There are no medical schools or departments with in the structure of Russian universitys . Future doctors attend medical institutes. There are no degrees in Russian equivalent to those of bachelor's or master's.Students spend approximately five years in college or six in a medical institute.
To be admited to an institution of higher learning , one has to pass a series of oral and written tests. Grades in the certificate of secondary education are also taken account.
Entry to higher education is quite competitive. Some college departments ( philologist,foreign languages-especially English,law, journalism ) have dozens of applicants for one prospective student's position. The same is true of medical and theatre institutes.
Up to the present, neither college students nor schoolchildren have had any say in the selection of courses they had to take. Everyone has studied according to uniform series of guide lines approved by the Ministery of Higher Education . Evidently , this situation is going to change in the near future.
Education in Russian has until recently been free on all levels. College students with good grades were rewarded with a modest stipend . All institutions of higher learning were subsidized by the government . Now that the country is changing to a market-place economy, the system of education is also bound to undergo profound changes . The first private scholls , gymnasiums and lycees, have already been founded in Moscow and St. Petersburg , in an attempt to revive the pre-1917 traditionals of Russian educational system with its high standards of excellence.
Everyone needs at least a secondary education in his life. So when you begin spending sleepless nights thinking about the study at school, when you think longingly of school books, teachers and friends and when you are at age of 6 there is no doubt it – you’re really to go to school. The best way to get to know and understand the system of education in Russia is to know what kinds of schools are in Russia and how children study there.
Every citizen of our country has the right to education. This right is guaranteed by the Constitution. It is not only a right but a duty, too. Every boy or girl must get secondary education. They go to school at the age of six or seven and must stay there until they are 14-17 years old. At school pupils study academic subjects, such as Russian, Literature, Mathematics, History, Biology, a foreign language and others.
After finishing 9 forms of a secondary school young people can continue their education in the 10th and the 11th form. They can also go to a vocational or technical school, where they study academic subjects and receive a profession. A college gives general knowledge in academic subjects and a profound knowledge in one or several subjects.
After finishing a secondary, vocational, technical school or a college, young people can start working or enter an institute or a university. Institutes and universities train specialists in different fields. A course at an institute or a university usually takes 5 years. Many universities have evening and extramural departments. They give their students an opportunity to study without leaving their jobs. Institutes and universities usually have graduate courses which give candidate or doctoral degrees.
Education in our country is free at most schools. There are some private primary and secondary schools where pupils have to pay for their studies. Students of institutes and universities get scholarships. At many institutes and universities there are also departments where students have to pay for their education.
Also it is interesting to know how pupils organize their life at school. So each school or technical has its School or Technical Council. It helps to plan the policy for the whole school. It organizes the social and cultural life at the school. School Councils in many schools are chaired by a student and have a majority of student members. They run discos and parties, stage drama productions and decorate the student common room. Music making is part of school life.
Everyone needs at least a secondary education in his life. So when you begin spending sleepless nights thinking about the study at school, when you think longingly of school books, teachers and friends and when you are at age of 6 there is no doubt it – you’re really to go to school. The best way to get to know and understand the system of education in Russia is to know what kinds of schools are in Russia and how children study there.
Every citizen of our country has the right to education. This right is guaranteed by the Constitution. It is not only a right but a duty, too. Every boy or girl must get secondary education. They go to school at the age of six or seven and must stay there until they are 14-17 years old. At school pupils study academic subjects, such as Russian, Literature, Mathematics, History, Biology, a foreign language and others.
After finishing 9 forms of a secondary school young people can continue their education in the 10 th and the 11 th form. They can also go to a vocational or technical school, where they study academic subjects and receive a profession. A college gives general knowledge in academic subjects and a profound knowledge in one or several subjects.
After finishing a secondary, vocational, technical school or a college, young people can start working or enter an institute or a university. Institutes and universities train specialists in different fields. A course at an institute or a university usually takes 5 years. Many universities have evening and extramural departments. They give their students an opportunity to study without leaving their jobs. Institutes and universities usually have graduate courses which give candidate or doctoral degrees.
Education in our country is free at most schools. There are some private primary and secondary schools where pupils have to pay for their studies. Students of institutes and universities get scholarships. At many institutes and universities there are also departments where students have to pay for their education.
Also it is interesting to know how pupils organize their life at school. So each school or technical has its School or Technical Council. It helps to plan the policy for the whole school. It organizes the social and cultural life at the school. School Councils in many schools are chaired by a student and have a majority of student members. They run discos and parties, stage drama productions and decorate the student common room. Music making is part of school life.
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