Types of borrowings реферат
Обновлено: 02.07.2024
Объектом исследования являются англицизмы, лексические единицы, заимствованные из английского языка.
Цель исследования - определить причины заимствования английских слов в современном русском языке и в речи подростков в частности.
Гипотеза: англицизмы можно найти в разнообразных сферах человеческой деятельности, но оправдано ли их использование?
Вывод: Мы пришли к выводу, что процесс заимствования в языке неизбежен. Но англицизмы должны быть использованы аккуратно и правильно, согласно их значению, а также в том случае, если невозможно обойтись без них в русском языке.
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The aim of the research- The о bject of the research - Hypothesis : to specify the reasons of borrowing English words in the Russian language and in the speech of teenagers in particular. lexical units of English origin and their derivatives English borrowings are found in various spheres of people’s activity but should teenagers use them instead of original Russian words? англицизмы можно найти в разнообразных сферах человеческой деятельности, но оправдано ли их использование? определить причины заимствования английских слов в современном русском языке и в речи подростков в частности. англицизмы, лексические единицы, заимствованные из английского языка , и их производные Лайкнуть мем о хайпе .
THE REASONS OF BORROWINGS ENGLISH WORDS The advent of the Internet I nternational tourism The development of the world market, Economics The development of Information Technologies The participation in international events (Olympiads , festivals, fashion shows) The activation of business, shopping , cultural relations
TYPES OF ENGLISH BORROWINGS Direct borrowings Hybrids Loan translation. Exotic words Foreign insertions Composite words кэш (cash), сертификат (certificate), чендж (change), баскетбол (basketball) коннектиться (connect), спикать (to speak), гуглить (Google ). небоскреб (skyscraper), непромокаемый (waterproof), самообслуживание (self-service), горячая линия (hot line), мистер (Mister ), ланч (lunch), хот – дог (hot– dog), чизбургер (cheeseburger). о ’ кей (OK), вау (Wow!), хэппи - энд (happy end) . сэконд - хенд (second-hand), супермаркет (supermarket), боди - арт (body-art) .
SPHERES OF PEOPLE’S ACTIVITY Political sphere Business sphere Sport C omputers and the Internet Cultur e Social sphere user , online, monitor, notebook, device, upgrade, sire, blog, hacker briefings, mayors, chefs, press-conferences, press releases , administration, the Parliament barter, broker, voucher, dealer, distributor, marketing, investment presentation, nomination, sponsor, show, talk show, showman, thriller sorry, happy end, party, battle, cool, respect, relax windsurfing, arm-wrestling, freestyle, skateboard, kickboxing ).
THE ANALYSIS OF THE RESULTS OF THE RESEARCH
word meaning answers эксклюзивный уникальный 40% прайс-лист прейскурант, перечень 6% бейби малыш 100 % презент подарок 93% суперстар артист первой величины 66% бойфренд парень, друг 100 % имидж образ, стереотип 53% постер плакат 86% уикенд выходные 93% фешенебельный отвечающий требованиям лучшего вкуса, модный 20% лузер неудачник 100 % юзер пользователь 60% клевый отличный, замечательный 53% хаер волосы 13% шузы обувь 53% перенсы родители 13% фейс лицо 60% холидей отпуск, каникулы 60% боты ботинки 66% драйв Сильная эмоция, энергия, приподнятое состояние 66%
c omputer t he Internet j azz m ixer radio necessary p resent b oyfriend lunch unnecessary *IMHO - In my humble opinion
Borrowing words from other languages is characteristic of English throughout its history More than two thirds of the English vocabulary are borrowings. Mostly they are words of Romanic origin (Latin, French, Italian, Spanish). Borrowed words are different from native ones by their phonetic structure, by their morphological structure and also by their grammatical forms. It is also characteristic of borrowings to be non-motivated semantically.
English history is very rich in different types of contacts with other countries, that is why it is very rich in borrowings. The Roman invasion, the adoption of Cristianity, Scandinavian and Norman conquests of the British Isles, the development of British colonialism and trade and cultural relations served to increase immensely the English vocabulary. The majority of these borrowings are fully assimilated in English in their pronunciation, grammar, spelling and can be hardly distinguished from native words.
Borrowings can be classified according to different criteria:
a) according to the aspect which is borrowed,
b) according to the degree of assimilation,
c) according to the language from which the word was borrowed.
There are the following groups: phonetic borrowings, translation loans, semantic borrowings, morphemic borrowings.
Phonetic borrowings are most characteristic in all languages, they are called loan words proper. Words are borrowed with their spelling, pronunciation and meaning. Then they undergo assimilation, each sound in the borrowed word is substituted by the corresponding sound of the borrowing language. In some cases the spelling is changed. The structure of the word can also be changed. The position of the stress is very often influenced by the phonetic system of the borrowing language. The paradigm of the word, and sometimes the meaning of the borrowed word are also changed. Such words as: labour, travel, table, chair, people are phonetic borrowings from French; apparatchik, nomenklatura, sputnik are phonetic borrowings from Russian; bank, soprano, duet are phonetic borrowings from Italian etc.
There are the following groups: phonetic borrowings, translation loans, semantic borrowings, and morphemic borrowings.
Phonetic borrowings are most characteristic in all languages; they are called loan words proper. Words are borrowed with their spelling, pronunciation and meaning. Then they undergo assimilation, each sound in the borrowed word is substituted by the corresponding sound of the borrowing language. In some cases the spelling is changed. The structure of the word can also be changed. The position of the stress is very often influenced by the phonetic system of the borrowing language. The paradigm of the word, and sometimes the meaning of the borrowed word are also changed. Such words as: labour, travel, table, chair, people are phonetic borrowings from French; apparatchik, nomenklatura, sputnik are phonetic borrowings from Russian; bank, soprano, duet are phonetic borrowings from Italian etc.
CLASSIFICATION OF BORROWINGS ACCORDING TO THE DEGREE OF ASSIMILATION
The degree of assimilation of borrowings depends on the following factors: a) from what group of languages the word was borrowed, if the word belongs to the same group of languages to which the borrowing language belongs it is assimilated easier, b) in what way the word is borrowed: orally or in the written form, words borrowed orally are assimilated quicker, c) how often the borrowing is used in the language, the greater the frequency of its usage, the quicker it is assimilated, d) how long the word lives in the language, the longer it lives, the more assimilated it is.
Accordingly borrowings are subdivided into: completely assimilated, partly assimilated and non-assimilated (barbarisms).
Partly assimilated borrowings are subdivided into the following groups: a) borrowings non-assimilated semantically, because they denote objects and notions peculiar to the country from the language of which they were borrowed, e.g. sari, sombrero, taiga, kvass etc.
b) Borrowings non-assimilated grammatically, e.g. nouns borrowed from Latin and Greek retain their plural forms (bacillus - bacilli, phenomenon - phenomena, datum -data, and genius - genii etc.
Some French borrowings have retained their stress on the last syllable, e.g. police, and cartoon. Some French borrowings retain special combinations of sounds, e.g. /a:3/ in the words : camouflage, bourgeois, some of them retain the combination of sounds /wa:/ in the words: memoir, boulevard.
Latin borrowings retain their polisyllabic structure, have double consonants, as a rule, the final consonant of the prefix is assimilated with the initial consonant of the stem, (accompany, affirmative).
Non-assimilated borrowings (barbarisms) are borrowings which are used by Englishmen rather seldom and are non-assimilated, e.g. addio (Italian), tete-a-tete (French), dolce vita (Italian), duende (Spanish), an homme a femme (French), gonzo (Italian) etc.
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Types of borrowings. Reasons for borrowings. I
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Types of borrowings. Reasons for borrowings. II. CLASSIFICATION OF BORROWINGS ACCORDING TO THE BORROWED ASPECT. CLASSIFICATION OF BORROWINGS ACCORDING TO THE DEGREE OF ASSIMILATION.
Latin, French, and Scandinavian borrowings in the English language
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The modern English language vocabulary possesses a rich history and is characterized by a great number of borrowed words from other languages during different steps of its development.
The reasons why the words were borrowed into English are the following:
Close interaction with a nation for whom English is not the mother tongue
A certain language is imposed on the English people as a result of numerous invasions
The mother tongue lacks the word for denoting a certain notion or object
The notion or object, which is peculiar for another country, is borrowed by the English people, altogether with the word, denoting the object.
The words are borrowed from another language as synonyms that give various shades of meaning to the words already existing in the language. [ Арнольд 1986: 205]
Throughout the centuries, the British Isles underwent waves of invasions by Romans, Danes, and Norman French, each inevitably contributing to the way of life on the conquered land and leaving their trace on English vocabulary. [J.Algeo 2010: 247]
The words of Latin origin began to appear in the English language in the 1 st century BC. This process is closely connected with the occupation of the territory belonging to Germanic tribes by the Roman invaders. The adopted words naturally indicate the new conceptions that the Germanic peoples acquired from this contact with a higher civilization. [ Albert C.Baugh, Thomas Cable 2002: 73 ]
During this period, mainly the words having to do with agriculture, cattle-breeding, and military affairs were borrowed. Many of the words borrowed in the Old English period have survived into Modern English. Among them are the following words: ancor ‘anchor’ (Lat. ancora), butere ‘butter’ (Lat. būtyrum), cealc ‘chalk’ (Lat. calx), cēse ‘cheese’ (Lat. cāseus), cetel ‘kettle’ (Lat. catillus), cycene ‘kitchen’ (Vul. Lat. cucīna, var. of coquīna), disc ‘dish’ (Lat. discus), mangere ‘-monger, trader’ (Lat. mangō), mīl ‘mile’ (Lat. mīlia [passuum]), piper ‘pepper’ (Lat. piper), pund ‘pound’ (Lat. pondō ), sacc ‘sack’ (Lat. saccus), sicol ‘sickle’ (Lat. secula), strǣt ‘ (Lat. [via] strata ), weall ‘wall’ (Lat. vallum). [J.Algeo 2010: 249]
Moreover, the Germanic tribes owe the knowledge of some new fruits and vegetables of which they had no idea before to the Romans. Thus, the English vocabulary was enlarged by the Latin names for new food products, such as cherry (Lat. cerasum), pear (Lat. pirum), plum (Lat. plunus), pea (Lat. pisum), beet (Lat.beta), plant (Lat.planta). [Антрушина 1985: 35]
A large plaster of borrowed Latin words appeared in the English language as a result of Christianization of England in the 7 th century AD. The borrowed words indicated the objects and ideas associated with church and religious rituals. [ Антрушина 1985: 36] E.g. alter ‘altar’ (Lat. altar), (a)postol ‘apostle’ (Lat. apostolus), balsam (Lat. balsamum), dēmon (Lat. daemon), messe ‘mass’ (Lat. missa, позже messa), martir ‘martyr. [J.Algeo 2010: 250]
The introduction of Christianity meant the building of churches and the establishment of monasteries. Latin, the language of the services and of ecclesiastical learning, became widely spread throughout England. Schools were established in most of the monasteries and churches. [ Albert C.Baugh, Thomas Cable 2002: 76]
It is difficult to overestimate the immense impact on English vocabulary made by the French language. After the Norman Conquest, the Anglo-Saxon nobility was deprived of their real estate and political rights. All the leading positions were distributed among the Norman conquerors, thus, French became the language of the official class in England. [Аракин 2003: 173].
French words of Norman dialect penetrated every aspect of social life, but most of the words had to do with political life and government (counsel, government, state, parliament, country); judicial proceedings (court, judge, justice, condemn, attorney); army and military affairs (war, battle, army, regiment, victory, cannon, mail). Construction and architecture (palace, pillar, chapel); religion and church (religion, clergy, parish, prayer); school (lesson, pupil, pen, pencil); trade (fair, market, money, mercer) and art (art, colour, ornament).
There is also a great number of loan translations from French, such as marriage of convenience (mariage de conveyance), that goes without saying (ça va sans dire), and trial balloon (ballon d’essai).
It is interesting to note that the same French word may be borrowed at various periods in the history of English, like gentle (thirteenth century), genteel (sixteenth century), and jaunty (seventeenth century), all from French gentil. (Gentile, however, was taken straight from Latin gentīlis, meaning ‘foreign’ in post Classical Latin.) It is similar with chief, first occurring in English in the fourteenth century, and chef, in the nineteenth . [J.Algeo 2010: 256]
In Modern English, there are the words of French origin and the native English words, which denote the same notion. However, they are different in their stylistic value. The English words are neutral, and the borrowed French words may be characterized as “bookish” and “high-flown” [ Аракин 2003: 177]. E.g. (to begin - to commence, to come – to arrive, to wish – to desire, to do – to act, speech – discourse, harm – injury, help - aid).
The Renaissance period is characterized by extensive cultural contacts between the major European states. During this period, a great number of words of French origin entered the English language and enriched its vocabulary in the fields of science, culture and art. The peculiar feature of such borrowings is that their French pronunciation is preserved. (machine, police, magazine, ballet, matinée, scene, technique). [ Антрушина 1985: 38]
Scandinavian loanwords appeared in the English language at the end of the 8 th century AD, when England underwent several Scandinavian invasions.
The newly borrowed words did not denote any new notions – they indicated commonly used objects and habitual actions. [ Аракин 2003: 169] In some cases, Scandinavian borrowings so closely resemble their English cognates that it becomes almost impossible to say whether the word was borrowed or not.
Sometimes an English word acquired a new meaning under the influence of a Scandinavian word similar in form. The initial meaning of the word “dream”, for instance, was “joy”. Later on, under the Scandinavian influence it changed its meaning according to the cognate word draumr ‘vision in sleep. ’
Most of the words in Modern English beginning with the sound combination [sk] are of Scandinavian origin e.g. scowl, scrape, scrub, skill, skin, skirt, sky.
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