Сообщение про циолковского на английском языке
Обновлено: 30.06.2024
Konstantin Eduardovich Tsiolkovsky is considered to be one of the founding fathers of modern rocketry and astronautics . He theorized many aspects of human space travel. His works later inspired leading Soviet rocket engineers such as Sergei Korolev and Valentin Glushko and played an important role in the development of the Soviet and Russian space program ms.
Konstantin Eduardovich Tsiolkovsky wrote about his birth: “A new citizen of the universe appeared, Konstantin Tsiolkovsky”. It happened on September 17, 1857 in the village of Izhevskoye, Ryazan Province.
His father, a Polish forester, had emigrated to Russia. H is mother was of mixed Volga Tatar and Russian origin. Konstantin Tsiolkovsky was not from a rich family, but a very large one; he had 17 brothers and sisters.
Tsiolkovsky grew restless: climbing the roofs and trees, jumping from a great height. Parents called him "bird". Konstantin also loved to dream out loud and "paid his younger brother" to listen to his "nonsense."
At the age of 10 he lost his hearing as the result of scarlet fever. After the illness, the boy began to handmake: he drew drawings of cars with wings, and even created an aggregate that moved with steam power.
At this time the family lived in Vyatka as father had problems with work but in Vyatka there was a great Polish community to help.
Konstantin tried to study in a regular school. He remembered: “I didn’t hear the teachers at all or only heard some sounds.” It lasted for three years , so he left school and was self-taught. His books were his teachers, and he read every book in his father's library. Tsiolkovsky later remembered that his hearing loss influenced greatly his future life: during all his life he tried to prove to himself and to others that he was better and cleverer than others, even with his disability.
When he was 13, his mother died. F ather watched Konstantin’s crafts and many amazing mechanisms and believed in his abilities. He gave his son money and sent to enter Moscow Higher Technical School (now Bauman MSTU). But Konstantin did not enter the school, he entered the only city free library and studied science.
Tsiolkovsky's poverty in Moscow was monstrous. He did not work, received 10–15 rubles a month from his family and could only eat black bread: “Every three days I went to the bakery and spent 9 kopecks for bread there. So I lived 90 kopecks per month, ”he recalled. For all the rest money, the scientist bought "books, pipes, mercury, sulfuric (серная) acid" - and other materials for the experiments. Tsiolkovsky wore rags. It happened that on the street the boys teased him: “What is it, mice, have you eaten your pants?”
While in Moscow, at the age of 15, Tsiolkovsky was tutored by a brilliant Russian philosopher Nikolai Fedorovitch Fedorov, who was working in the library. Every day from 9 a.m. till 4 p.m. Konstantin studied scienses: elementary mathematics, physics, mechanics, chemistry and others. For three years, Konstantin Tsiolkovsky fully coped with the gymnasium programm, as well as a part of the university one. At about this time he first dreamed about the possibility of space flight.
In 1876, after his coming back to his father's home in Vyatka, Konstantine began to give private lessons. Tsiolkovsky was a talanted and eccentric teacher.
In 1878 Tsiolkovskys returned to Ryazan. Konstantin studied physical and mathematical sciences. A year later, after passing exams, he recieved his Teacher's Certificate, and worked as a math teacher in Borovsk, Kaluga Province.
In 1880-1892 (Borovsk period) he began his scientific research in air baloon building, life in free space, aerodynamics and philosophy. It was also at that time that he married. Together with his wife Varvara they had 3 daughters and 4 sons.
Tsiolkovsky gave all his strength to science and spent almost all his teachers salary of 27 rubles on scientific experiments. His first scientific works were “The Theory of Gases”, “Mechanics of the Animal Body” and others.
The main project of Tsiolkovsky at that time was the dirigible worked on hot air. Tsiolkovsky asked scholars to donate 300 rubles to him for the construction of a large metal model of the dirigible, but no one gave him any material assistance.
Then Tsiolkovsky was interested in the stars. In 1887, he wrote a small novel "On the Moon". A significant part of the descriptions and predictions made by him in his work later came true.
In 1892-1935 he lived and worked in Kaluga.
Since 1892 Tsiolkovsky worked as a teacher of physics at women's college. To cope with his illness, the scientist made a "special auditory tube", which he pressed to his ear when the students answered the subject.
It was here in Kaluga that he became a well known scientist.
He published his theories of space flight and inter-planetary travels. In Kaluga he wrote his “Cosmic Philosophy” and dreamed about the far distant future of humanity.
The scientist developed the concept of a liquid rocket engine.
His experiments showed that it would be possible to travel out into space in rockets and even to set up space stations around the Earth.
He calculated the speed necessary to enter the Solar System.
Tsiolkovsky presented many theoretical and practical studies which formed the basis for Soviet and Russian rocket industry.
He was made a member of the Soviet Academy of Science in 1919.
K.E.Tsiolkovsky wrote over 500 scientific works, but never created any rockets himself. He influenced many young Russian engineers and designers. Among these was Sergey Korolev, who became the "Chief Designer" of the Soviet space programm, who launched humanity into space with Sputnik, Laika and the first cosmonaut Yuri Gagarin.
Since 1932 it was known about the incurable disease of a scientist. But Tsiolkovsky continued to work. He said: “To finish the job, I need another 15 years.” But this time he did not have.
"Citizen of the universe", the father of cosmonautics died on September 19, 1935 at the age of 78 in Kaluga and was buried there.
But we still remember and are proud of our great countryman Tsiolkovsky.
There are a lot of monuments and museums.
The town Uglegorsk in Amur Oblast was renamed Tsiolkovsky by Russian president Vladimir Putin in 2015.
In his honour were named: ships, planes, streets.
The most prominent crater on the far side of the Moon and asteroid
There is a statue of Konstantin Tsiolkovsky in Queensland, Australia.
По теме: методические разработки, презентации и конспекты
Презентация "Константин Эдуардович Циолковский"
Данный материал представляет из себя краткое описание основных фактов биографии К.Э. Циолклвского.Презентация может быть использована как дополнительный материал для проведения уроков и внеклассных ме.
Герои земли Рязанской.
Материал для внеклассного мероприятия к Дню Победы.
Альбом "Богатыри земли Рязанской"
В данном альбоме собраны сведения об участниках, героях ВОВ Рязанской области.
"Версты Победы Рязанской Земли"
Сохранение исторической памяти о героях и событиях Великой Отечественной войны - главная цель проекта "Версты Победы Рязанской Земли".Учащиеся МБОУ "Школа №16" создали интерактивну.
Цикл интерактивных занятий "Великие земляки. Феномен земли Рязанской - Пироговы"
Цикл из трех тем о жизни и творчестве великих певцов - братьев Пироговых и об истории их семьи. Это уникальный мировой феномен, где все мужчины рода: дед, отец и пятеро сыновей были уникально одарены .
Konstantin Eduardovich Tsiolkovsky, the founder of austronautics, was born in 1857 in the village of Izhevsk in Ryazan province. When he was ten he had scarlet fever, and was left permanently deaf. This had a great influence on his life.
Only when Tsiolkovsky reached the age of fifteen he began to study elementary mathematics. At about this time he first thought of constructing a large balloon with a metallic envelope. Realising that his knowledge was not enough, he began to study higher mathematics. The result was that he became a mathematics and physics teacher and remained a teacher for nearly forty years.
Tsiolkovsky carried out experiments on steam engines for a time, but then he returned to the theoretical study of the metallic dirigible. In 1887 his first published paper on the metallic dirigible appeared. Mendeleyev was interested in this work and helped Tsiolkovsky. The account of this work was submitted to the Academy of Sciences who regarded it favourably and made Tsiolkovsky a grant of 470 roubles.
He had not given up his idea about space travel. A popular report on this subject was first published in 1895. Tsiolkovsky's idea of a spaceship was based on the use of liquid fuels.
During the next fifteen years Tsiolkovsky worked over other designs for spaceships. They were not meant to be working drawings for the constructions of these vessels but as a rough guide to the equipment. Some of them are now standard practice in the guided missile field. He published several articles and books dealing with the mathematical theory of rocket flights and space travel. His calculations were used in modern theory of cosmonautics and practical space flights. They showed that it would be possible to travel out into space in rockets and even to set up manned space stations around the Earth.
Tsiolkovsky's contribution to science is so great that he is considered to be "Father of Cosmonautics".
K.E Tsiolkovsky was born in Sept. 17, 1857 (according to the new calendar) in Izhevsk in the family of a poor forester Eduard Ignatievitch Tsiolkovsky, where he was one of 13 children. He grew as a clever, inquisitive and impressionable child. At those years the character of the future scientist was formed- independent, persistent and purposeful. Childhood
At the age of 14, he got scarlet fever, and as a result of complications he lost his hearing. So he was a self-taught man. Childhood
In 1879 Tsiolkovsky took an external exam in Ryazan gymnasium for the title of a county school teacher and three months later he was assigned to province school in Kaluga. At this time he wrote his first work - "The theory of gases" and "Mechanics of the animal organism" (1880-81). He was admitted to the Russian Physical and Chemical Society. Young years
Since 1884 Tsiolkovsky had been working at a theory of interplanetary travel and suggested the idea of a multi-stage rocket. In 1892 he published his work "metal-controlled balloon" (of an airship). He was systematically engaged in development of the theory of motion of jet apparatus and draw some outlines. Also he outlined "streamlined" jet-driven airplane - rocket for interplanetary missions and in 1897 constructed Russia's first wind tunnel with open test section. So the first man-made satellite was taken into space by a type of a rocket designed by Tsiolkovsky. WORK
Since 1892 Tsiolkovsky lived with his family in Kaluga in a small house on the outskirts of the city KALUGA
His immortal creation - "Investigation of outer space rocket appliances"- appeared in Kaluga. It laid the beginning of space exploration.
▪ He was working on the problem of solar and tidal energy project to explore the ocean depths and transport "hovercraft". ▪ In Soviet times, Tsiolkovsky studied the theory of interplanetary motion. In 1926-29, he developed the theory of multi-stage rocket, decided important tasks associated with the movement of missiles in a non-uniform gravitational field, landing a spacecraft on the surface of the planet, examining the effect of the atmosphere on the flight of the missile. Also he had put the idea of a rocket - Sputnik and Earth orbital station. In 1932 Tsiolkovsky proved the theory of jet aircraft flights in the stratosphere. WORKS
The scientist died in September 19, 1935. Tsiolkovsky was buried in his beloved country park, which now has the name of the scientist.
Wooden house in which he lived turned into a museum-house. FAMILY HOUSE
In 1967 state cosmonauts museum of Tsiolkovsky was open in Kaluga. The first cosmonaut Yuri Gagarin put the first stone in its foundation. MUSEUM
"It will take years, decades, centuries, but the value of works of Konstantin Tsiolkovsky continue, and the city where he lived and worked will continue to grow too . " Yuri Gagarin
Monuments were erected to him. The crater on the back side of the moon has his name. Tsiolkovsky Medal was established for outstanding work in the field of interplanetary communication. MEMORY
Konstantin Eduardovich Tsiolkovsky, the founder of astronautics, was born in 1857, in the village of Izhevsk, in Ryazansky province. When he was ten he had scarlet fever, and was left permanently deaf. This had a great influence on his life.
Only when Tsiolkovsky reached the age of fifteen he begun to study elementary mathematics. At about this time he first thought of constructing a large balloon with a metallic envelope. Realizing that his knowledge was not enough, he began to study higher mathematics. The result was that he became a mathematics and physics teacher and remained so for nearly forty years.
Tsiolkovsky carried out experiments on steam engines for a time, but then he returned to the theoretical study of the metallic dirigible. In 1887, his first published paper on the dirigible appeared. Mendeleyev was interested in this work and helped Tsiolkovsky. The account of this aeronautical work was submitted to the Academy of Sciences who regarded it favourably and made Tsiolkovsky a grant of 470 roubles.
He had not given up his idea about space travel. A popular report on this subject was first published in 1895. Tsiolkovsky’s idea of a spaceship was based on the use of liquid fuels.
During the next fifteen years Tsiolkovsky worked over other designs for spaceships. They were not meant to be working drawings for the construction of these vessells but as a rough guide to the equipment. Some of them are now standard practice in the guided missile field. He published several articles and books dealing with the mathematical theory of rocket flights and space travel. His calculations were used in modern theory of cosmonautics and practical space flights. They showed that it would be possible to travel out into space in rockets and even to set up manned space stations around the Earth.
"The Earth is the cradle of the mind, but we cannot live forever in a cradle".
Konstantin EEduardovitch. Tsiolkovsky
Konstantin Tsiolkovsky was a true visionary and pioneer of astronautics. He theorized many aspects of human space travel and rocket propulsion decades before others, and played an important role in the development of the Soviet and Russian space programs.
He was born on September 17,1857, in the village of Ijevskoe, Ryasan Province, Russia, the son a a Polish forester who had emigrated to Russia. He was not from a rich family, but a very large one; Konstantin Tsiolkovsky had 17 brothers and sisters. At the age of 10 he lost his hearing as the result of scarlet fever. After that he couldn't attend school, and he never recieved any formal education. The knowledge and education he attained were acheived by himself. His books were his teachers, and he read every book in his father's library. Tsiolkovsky later remembered that his hearing loss influenced greatly his future life: during all his life he tried to prove to himself and to others that he was better and more clever than others, even with his disability.
In 1873-1876 Konstantin Tsiolkovsky lived in Moscow. During this time he visited the main Moscow libraries, among them the well known Pashkov House Library. It was in this fashion that he received his self-education. While in Moscow, Tsiolkovsky was tutored by the eccentric and brilliant Russian philosopher Nikolai Fedorovitch Fedorov, who was working in a Moscow library at the time. Fedorov was a leading proponent of Russian Cosmism, and gave Tsiolkovsky a place to work in the library. In many ways, he took the place of the university lecturers that Tsiolkovsky never had access to. At the age of17, while living in Moscow, he first dreamed about the possibility of space flight. He was, in part, inspired by the novels of Jules Verne. Since that time he started to think about the problems of space vehicle design. His great purpose was not simply to go into outer space, but to live in space, for humainity to become a space civilization.
In 1876-1879, after his coming back to his father's home, he lived in Vyatka and Ryasan. After passing his exams, he recieved his Teacher's Certificate, and went to work as a math teacher in Borovsk, Kaluga Province.
In 1880-1892 Tsiolkovsky lived in Borovsk and worked as a teacher. At that time he began his scientific research in air baloon building, life in free space, aerodynamics and philosophy. It was also at that time that he married. His wife, Barbara E. Sokolova, was the daughter of the local preacher. Together, they had 3 daughters and 4 sons.
In 1892-1935 he lived and worked in Kaluga. His moving to Kaluga was the result of a teaching promotion. He lived in the house that is now a part of the museum complex with his family from the year 1904 until his death in 1935. It was here in Kaluga that he became a well known scientist, and where he wrote and published his theories of space flight and inter-planetary travels. In Kaluga he wrote his Cosmic Philosophy, and he dreamed about the far distant future of humanity, including the eventual conquest of space and our leaving the cradle of the planet Earth for the stars. He was made a member of the Soviet Academy of Science in 1919.
He received a government pension in 1920, and continued to work and write about space. Upon the publication of the works of German rocket pioneer Herman Oberth in 1923, his works were revised and published more widely, and he finally earned some international recognition for his ideas.
He wrote over 500 scientific papers, and, even though he never created any rockets himself, he influenced many young Russian engineers and designers. Tsiolkovsky lived to see a younger generation of Russian engineers and scientists begin to make his visionary concepts reality. Among these was Sergey Korolev, who would become the "Chief Designer" of the Soviet space program, who launched humanity into space with Sputnik, Laika, and the launch of the first cosmonaut,Yuri Gagarin.
Konstantin E. Tsiolkovsky, the father of cosmonautics, died in Kaluga at the age of 78 on September 19,1935. He received an honored State funeral from the Soviet government. He was buried in the old Kaluga Cemetery.
The tomb of Tsiolkovsky in the Old Kaluga Cemetery.
The Work of Tsiolkovsky
"Men are weak now, and yet they transform the Earth's surface. In millions of years their might will increase to the extent that they will change the surface of the Earth, its oceans, the atmosphere, and themselves. They will control the climate and the Solar System just as they control the Earth. They will travel beyond the limits of our planetary system; they will reach other Suns, and use their fresh energy instead of the energy of their dying luminary."-Konstantin Tsiolkovsky
Tsiolkovsky is considered to be the father of cosmonautics and human space flight, and was a truly great thinker. His visionary ideas about the future of humanity in space were magnificent and far ahead of his time. He dreamed about space flight since he was a very young boy. Tsiolkovsky was certain that the future of human life will be in outer space, so he deceded that we must study the cosmos to pave the way for future generations.
Later, he proved mathematically the possibility of space flight, and wrote and published over 500 works about space travel and related subjects. These included the design and construction of space rockets, steerable rocket engines, multi-stage boosters, space stations, life in space, and more. His notebooks are filled with sketches of liquid-feuled rockets, detailed combustion chamber designs with steering vanes in the exhaust plume for directional control, double walled pressurized cabins to protect from meteorites, gyroscopes for attitude control, reclining seats to protect from high G loads at launch, air locks for exiting the spaceship into the vacume of space, and other amazingly accurate predictions of space travel. Many of these were done before the first airplane flight. He determined correctly that the escape velocity from the Earth into orbit was 8 km./second, and that this could be achieved by using a multi-stage rocket fueled by liquid oxygen and liquid hydrogen. He predicted the use of liquid oxygen and liquid hydrogen or liquid oxygen and kerosene for propulsion, spinning space stations for artificial gravity, mining asteroids for materials, space suits, the problems of eating, drinking, and sleeeping in weightlessness, and even closed cycle biological systems to provide food and oxygen for space colonies.
Someof his works include:
· "Astronomical Drawings" (1879). The earliest manuscript of Tsiolkovsky. He drew the Solar System, the distances between the planets, their satellites, etc.
· "Free Space" (1883). Manuscript of Tsiolkovsky, first published in 1956. In this work, he described the life and ways of motion in free space, zero gravity, all done without the benefit on any mathematical calculations. It was in this paper that Tsiolkovsky drew the primitive design of a true Space Craft, which moved in outer space with the help of reactive forces.
This was the first drawing of Tsiolkovsky's of a space vehicle, from "Free Space" (1883). It shows cosmonauts in weightlessness, gyroscopes for attitude control, and an airlock for exit into free space.
His Classic article "Research into Interplanetary Space by Means of Rocket Power" was published in 1903, the year of the first airplane flight by the Wright Brothers. It accurately described the state of weightlessness and the theoretical function of rockets in a vacume. He demonstrated why rockets would be needed for space exploration, and also advocated the use of liquid propellants that are used today.
This is his book published in 1914 that was the reprint of the 1903 article.
· "Plan of Space Exploration". This was published in 1926. It consists of 16 Points, from the very begining of space conquest, until the far distant future, including interstellar travel.
He also wrote science fiction books, including "On The Moon (1895), Dreams of the Earth and Sky (1895), and Beyond the Earth (1920).
· "The Space Rocket Trains". (1929). This publication of Tsiolkovsky was about his original idea of a multi-stage rocket, which consisted of several separate rockets, one on top of another. Tsiolkovsky proved that only such a type of rocket would be able to reach escape velocity and fly to Earth orbit.
· "Album of Space Travels". (1932). The drawings from this manuscript of Tsiolkovsky show us his brilliant ideas about life in space, including zero gravity, air pressure locking, space habitats, rocket guidance, etc.
Tsiolkovsky's Cosmic Philosophy
Tsiolkovsky was very much as interested in the philosophy of space as he was with the engineering needed to make space flight possible. This was the very begining of Tsiolkovsky's research into space flight problems and was the basis for it. His main work of this subject was "Ethics or the Natural Foundations of Morality" (1902-1918). In 1932 Tsiolkovsky wrote "The Cosmic Philosophy" - the summary of his philosophical ideas. His main idea was to achieve happiness not only for humanity, but also for all the living beings in the Cosmos, for all the Universe. He believed that human occupation of space was inevitable and would drive human evolution.
According to Tsiolkovsky's Cosmic Philosophy, "happiness" is the absence of all kind of suffering in all the Universe, for all times, as well as the absence of all of the processes for destroying goodness. How shall we start this evolution to the "Universial Happiness"? The main task is to study the laws which rule the Universe. To do so, we must study the Universe, and therefore we must learn how to live in outer space. To begin that long period of our evolution, we will have to design large manned space rockets. So, the first space flight will be the beginning of the new era of space exploration, the beginning of Space Culture in human history. It will be the beginning of our history itself. He truly beleived that it was the destiny of humankind to occupy the solar system and then to expand into the depth of the cosmos, living off the energy of the stars to create a cosmic civilization that would master nature, abolish natural catastrophes, and acheive happiness for all.
1n 1926 Tsiolkovsky defined his "Plan of Space Exploration", consisting of sixteen steps for human expansion into space:
1) Creation of rocket airplanes with wings.
2) Progressively increasing the speed and altitude of these airplanes.
3) Production of real rockets-without wings.
4) Ability to land on the surface of the sea.
5) Reaching excape velocity (about 8 Km/second), and the first flight into Earth orbit.
6) Lengthening rocket flight times in space.
7) Experimental use of plants to make an artificial atmosphere in spacships.
8) Using pressurized space suits for activity outside of spaceships.
9) Making orbiting greenhouses for plants.
10) Constructing large orbital habitats around the Earth.
11) Using solar radiation to grow food, to heat space quarters, and for transport throughout the Solar System.
12) Colonization of the asteroid belt.
13) Colonization of the entire Solar System and beyond.
14) Acheivement of individual and social perfection.
15) Overcrowding of the Solar System and the colonization of the Milky Way (the Galaxy).
16) The Sun begins to die and the people remaining in the Solar System's population go to other suns.
Kosmodemyanksy, Arkady A., 1956. Konstantin Tsiolkovsky: His Life and Works. Foreign Languages Publishing House, Moscow, Russia.
Shkolenko, Yuri, 1987. The Space Age . Progress, Moscow.
Samiolovitch, Sergei, I., 1969. Citizen of the Universe: Sketches of the Life and Works of Konstantin Eduardovitch Tsiolkovsky (in Russian). Tsiolkovsiy State Museum of the History of Cosmonautics, Kaluga, Russia.
Читайте также: