The scientific style реферат
Обновлено: 04.07.2024
Its function is to work out and prove theoretically objective knowledge about reality, to create new concepts, to disclose the internal laws of existence, development, etc.
Vocabulary. The use of terms and words used to express a specialized concept in a given branch of science. Terms are not necessarily. They may be borrowed from ordinary language but are given a new meaning.
The scientific prose style consists mostly of ordinary words which tend to be used in their primary logical meaning. Emotiveness depends on the subject of investigation but mostly scientific prose style is unemotional.
Grammar: The logical presentation and cohesion of thought manifests itself in a developed feature of scientific syntax that is the use of established sentence patterns:
The impersonal and objective character of scientific prose style is revealed in the frequent use of passive constructions, impersonal sentences. Personal sentences are more frequently used in exact sciences. In humanities we may come across the constructions but few.
The parallel arrangement of sentences contributes to emphasizing certain points in the utterance.
- use of quotations and references;
- use of foot-notes helps to preserve the logical coherence of ideas.
Humanities in comparison with "exact" sciences employ more emotionally coloured words, fewer passive constructions.
The Style of Official Documents and its Substyles
1) Language of business letters;
2) Language of legal documents;
3) Language of diplomacy;
4) Language of military documents;
1. to reach agreement between two contracting parties;
2. to state the conditions binding two parties in an understanding. Each of the substyles of official documents makes use of special terms. Legal documents: military documents, diplomatic documents. The documents use set expressions inherited from early Victorian period. This vocabulary is conservative. Legal documents contain a large proportion of formal and archaic words used in their dictionary meaning. In diplomatic and legal documents many words have Latin and French origin. There are a lot of abbreviations and conventional symbols.
The most noticeable feature of grammar is the compositional pattern. Every document has its own stereotyped form. The form itself is informative and tells you with what kind of letter we deal with.
Business letters contain: heading, addressing, salutation, the opening, the body, the closing, complimentary clause, the signature. Syntactical features of business letters are - the predominance of extended simple and complex sentences, wide use of participial constructions, homogeneous members.
Morphological peculiarities are passive constructions, they make the letters impersonal. There is a tendency to avoid pronoun reference. Its typical feature is to frame equally important factors and to divide them by members in order to avoid ambiguity of the wrong interpretation.
The purpose of science as one of the areas of human activity is research of the nature of things and phenomena of objective reality, description of the laws governing the processes of their interaction that allows a person to control them, as well as use them to improve conditions of life.
The scientific style is widely spread in academic articles, manuals, popular science books and other scientific and academic publications. In today's world, the pace of development of science and technology has been becoming more and more dynamic, almost every day new inventions arise, which go beyond scientific and academic communities rather quickly, and come into everyday life. Undoubtedly, all of these changes have an effect on the language. Moreover, the need for communication in the field of science and technology has led to the development of a separate functional style – the scientific style, which is characterized by a number of features. The language of scientific style tends to be objective, precise and emotionless.
Целью науки, как одной из областей человеческой деятельности, является исследование природы вещей и явлений объективной действительности, она описывает законы, регулирующие процессы их взаимодействия, что позволяет человеку управлять ими, а также использовать их для улучшения условий жизни.
Научный стиль широко распространен в научных статьях, учебных пособиях, научно-популярных книгах и других научных и академических изданиях. В современном мире, темпы развития науки и техники становятся все более и более динамичными, почти каждый день возникают новые изобретения, которые довольно быстро выходят за рамки научных и академических кругов, появляясь в нашей повседневной жизни. Несомненно, все эти изменения оказывают влияние на язык. Более того, потребность в коммуникации в области науки и техники привела к развитию отдельного функционального стиля - научного стиля, который характеризуется рядом особенностей. Язык научного стиля, как правило, должен быть объективным, точным и неэмоциональным.
Фрагмент работы для ознакомления
1.1 General characteristics of the scientific style
The main purpose of the scientific style is reporting new knowledge and verification of this knowledge. The language means used, therefore, tend to be objective, precise, and devoid of any individuality; there is a striving for the most generalized form of expression [2, p. 19].
I.R. Galperin suggests following classification of features of scientific style:
The first and most noticeable feature of this style is the logical sequence of utterances with clear indication of their interrelations and interdependence. It will not be an exaggeration to say that in no other functional style do we find such a developed and varied system of logical connectives as in scientific prose.
2.1 The language features of the scientific style
It is easy to notice that the language of science is very different from the language of political campaigns or the language of advertising or poetry. Scientists try to find the most efficient and objective language to characterize the appearance, function or composition of phenomena.
As noted above, the main function of the scientific style is to provide the transmission of factual information, which must be clear, accurate and unambiguous. In the scientific style there is no place for repetitive and subjective information.
On this basis, it is possible to identify the common features of the scientific style:
2.3 Morphological level
At the morphological level the scientific style is characterized by the following features:
- Nominative character of statements which means the predominance of the noun over the verb;
Conclusion
The scientific style is employed in professional communication. Its most conspicuous feature is the abundance of terms that refer to objects, phenomena, processes studied in a particular branch of science or technology. The scientific style is also known for its precision, clarity and logical cohesion, which, among other things, explains the abundant use of special clichés and other lexico-syntactic means of emphasizing logical connection and interdependence of consecutive parts in scientific discourse.
The scientific style has a number of specific features which appear regardless of the area of knowledge of a particular text.
Список литературы [ всего 5]
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Пример готового реферата по предмету: Языки (переводы)
Содержание
1. The scientific style as a part of the functional styles system 6
1.1. General characteristics of the scientific style 6
1.2. Substyles and genres of the scientific style 9
2. Distinctive features of the scientific style 12
2.1. The language features of the scientific style 12
2.2. Lexical level 13
2.3. Morphological level 15
2.4. Syntactic level 16
2.5. Stylistic level 17
Выдержка из текста
The purpose of science as one of the areas of human activity is research of the nature of things and phenomena of objective reality, description of the laws governing the processes of their interaction that allows a person to control them, as well as use them to improve conditions of life. Целью науки, как одной из областей человеческой деятельности, является исследование природы вещей и явлений объективной действительности, она описывает законы, регулирующие процессы их взаимодействия, что позволяет человеку управлять ими, а также использовать их для улучшения условий жизни.
The scientific style is widely spread in academic articles, manuals, popular science books and other scientific and academic publications. In today's world, the pace of development of science and technology has been becoming more and more dynamic, almost every day new inventions arise, which go beyond scientific and academic communities rather quickly, and come into everyday life. Undoubtedly, all of these changes have an effect on the language. Moreover, the need for communication in the field of science and technology has led to the development of a separate functional style – the scientific style, which is characterized by a number of features. The language of scientific style tends to be objective, precise and emotionless. Научный стиль широко распространен в научных статьях, учебных пособиях, научно-популярных книгах и других научных и академических изданиях. В современном мире, темпы развития науки и техники становятся все более и более динамичными, почти каждый день возникают новые изобретения, которые довольно быстро выходят за рамки научных и академических кругов, появляясь в нашей повседневной жизни. Несомненно, все эти изменения оказывают влияние на язык. Более того, потребность в коммуникации в области науки и техники привела к развитию отдельного функционального стиля — научного стиля, который характеризуется рядом особенностей. Язык научного стиля, как правило, должен быть объективным, точным и неэмоциональным.
Список использованной литературы
Miller C. Genre as social action // Quarterly journal of speech. – 2003. – Vol. 2. – P. 45-51.
14. Reeves C. The Language of Science. // The Problems of Intercultural Communication. – 2000. – Vol. 2. – P. 23-27.
15. Rodman L. The passive voice in scientific articles: Frequency and discourse functions //Journal of Technical Writing and Communication. – 2002. – Vol. 23. – P. 43-47.
16. Varantola K. Special Language and General Language: Linguistic and Didactic Aspects // LSP Newsletter. – 2002. – Vol. 9. – P. 9-10.
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по дисциплине: Стилистика английского языка
на тему: Научно-популярный стиль
Style of Popular Scientific Prose Выполнил: студентка 3 курса
факультета иностранных языков
очной формы обучения
Батракова Мария Александровна Москва, 2014
Table of Content Introduction1. Scientific style
.1 Popular scientific prose style
1.2 Style shaping properties
Chapter 2. Peculiarities of popular scientific prose Introduction
we use in any specific situation varying according to the purpose and content of the situation. Different functional styles characterize a certain situation. I.R. Galperin, the well-known Russian linguist, distinguishes the following functional styles:
) The belles-letters style
) Scientific prose style
) The style of official documents.this term paper we deal with the scientific prose style and its sub-style, popular scientific prose style.to the point of view of McMillan, the purpose of science as a branch of human activity is to disclose by research the inner substance of things and phenomena of objective reality and find out the laws regulating them, thus enabling man to predict, control and direct their future development in order to improve the material and social life of mankind [McMillan, 2001: 314]. Scientific prose helps us to reveal and understand all the features of scientific phenomenon as they are. goal of this term paper is to analyse stylistics of the popular scientific prose.attain the target, we set the following objectives:
1) To distinguish scientific and popular scientific literature
2) To outline style shaping properties of popular scientific prose
) To examine the corpus of different articles to reveal the communicative and linguistic peculiarities
) To look into stylistic devices that are used in popular prose literature
This theme is very interesting for us, because we are living in the age of advanced technology, when achievements of scientific and technological progress strongly come into lives of ordinary people and science becomes part and parcel of mass culture elements. Particularly, popular scientific literature is called to fulfill this important social order and to introduce vast masses to the achievements of science. object of the term paper is popular scientific prose.subject of the term paper is stylistic peculiarities of popular scientific prose.the illustrative examples were taken mostly from journals “National Geographic” and “Scientific American”.methodological basis is founded on the works of such distinguished linguists as I.R. Galperin, W. Gilman, A.L. Nazarenko, D. Crystal, O. Lehtsalu and others. term paper consists of Introduction, two chapters, conclusion and bibliography.
style popular scientific prose Chapter 1. Scientific style .1 Scientific prose style For the further analysis the terms ‘style’ and ‘stylistics’ should be defined. But the term ‘style’ is polysemantic. Tentatively, language style maybe defined as a more-or-less coherent system, a subsystem (or microsystem) within a language, consisting of certain lexico-phraseological, grammatical and phonetical resources of that language, which are used selectively and purposefully to express ideas in given situation [Lehtsalu, 1973: 13].study of language styles is the concern of linguo-stylistics. Put in another way, linguo-stylistics is a branch of stylistics which deals with the expressive and stylistic means of language, their relation to the idea or ideas expressed, and the classification and peculiarities of the existing styles of a language. Linguo-stylistics and literary stylistics complement each other and together they constitute what may be called general stylistics [Lehtsalu, 1973: 13].are interested in functional styles, specifically, in scientific prose style. .R. Galperin describes functional styles of language (FS) as types of texts that are distinguished by the pragmatic aspect of the communication [Galperin, 2014: 9].aim of the scientific prose style is to describe a phenomenon of science precisely, to reveal all the peculiarities of subject in question. The language of scientific prose is determined by a desire to prove hypothesis, to state laws, define concepts, etc. Hence the main problem is to establish a clear and logical progression of ideas and define the subject-matter precisely. For the purpose of precision the clarity, logical coherence, specific vocabulary and special syntax are employed [Shakkhovsky, 2008: 86].language is used in reporting an experiment, in discussing a problem, in giving instructions as to how an experiment should be performed, in stating laws, or in defining concepts. It is generally agreed that the main problem for the scientist, as far as his use of language is concerned, is to define his subject matter precisely and to establish a clear and logical progression of ideas [Crystal, 1969: 251].far as the vocabulary of scientific prose is concerned, we can say that special terms and professional words are an indispensible part of vocabulary, as well as Greek and Latin words and forms (datum-data, formula-formulae, etc): .g. “Memorizing to-do lists and mathematical formulae came much later in our intellectual, social, and and neurological development.”.g. “The rhyme-formulae of the latter six lines are here curiously varied. Working those formulae out is a college calculus problem.”
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