Roman conquest of britain реферат
Обновлено: 30.06.2024
Топик Римское влияние в Британии рассказывает о периоде, длительностью в 400 лет, когда страна стала одной из окраинных провинций Римской империи. Центрами романизации стали в первую очередь города Британии, которых до римлян почти и не было. Именно здесь располагались общественные бани и рынки, выросли огромные здания - суды и торговые дома. Завоеватели построили публичные бани, прекрасные виллы и амфитеатры. В сельской местности римляне произвели расчистку и дренаж земель и, при помощи системы каналов, осушили болота, что дало мощный импульс сельскому хозяйству. Постепенно латынь становилась общеупотребительным языком. Британские высшие классы оказались полностью романизованными и из кельтских вождей племен превратились в римских землевладельцев и чиновников. В сельской местности и в отдаленных горных районах простой народ пользовался кельтским языком. В начале 5-го века римское владычество в Британии прекратилось, и страна снова распалась на ряд независимых кельтских областей.
As a result of Roman conquest, many signs of Roman civilization spread over Britain. There had been no cities in Britain before the Romans conquered it. The civilized Romans were city dwellers, and as soon as they had conquered Britain, they began to built towns, splendid villas, public baths as in Rome itself. York, Gloucester, Lincoln and London became the chief Roman towns; there were also about fifty other smaller towns.
London which had been a small trading settlement before the conquest now became a center for trade both by road and river. Colchester, Gloucester, York and Lincoln sprang up round the Roman military camps. The town of Bath became famous for its hot springs. The towns grew up as markets and centers of administration.
In most towns there were market-places and plenty where merchants sold their goods. The rich merchants and officials had luxurious houses which contained many rooms, with mosaic floors and central heating. Every Roman town had a drainage system and a good supply of pure water. Temples and public baths could be found in most towns. The Roman towns were military stations surrounded by walls for defence which were guarded by the Roman warriors.
The Romans were great road-makers and now a network of roads connected all parts of the country. One of the chief road was Watling Street which ran from Dover to London, then to Chester and into Wales. Along the roads new towns and villages sprang up.
Great tracts of forest were cleared, swamps were drained, and corn-fields took their place. The province of Britain became one of the granaries of the Roman Empire. A constant trade was carried on with other parts of the empire. The chief exports were corn, lead, tin, and building tiles. The goods were sent in wagons along the roads of Britain, Gaul and Italy to Rome. Britain imported luxury goods, especially fine pottery and metalware.
But together with a high civilization the Romans brought exploitation and slavery to the British Isles. Rich Romans had villas in the country with large estates, which were worked by gangs of slaves. Prisoners of war were sent to the slave-market in the Roman Empire. The free Celts were not turned into slaves but they had to pay heavy taxes to the conquerors and were made to work for them. The Romans made them clean forest, drain swamps, built roads, bridges and walls for defense. That was how the famous Hadrian's Wall was built too.
Among the Celts themselves inequality began to grow - the tribal chiefs and nobility became richer than other members of the tribe. Many of them became officials acting for Rome. Tribal chiefs who submitted were appointed to rule their people as before, but now they acted in the name of the Roman Emperor. The noble Celts adopted the mode of life of their conquerors. They lived in rich houses, and they dressed as Romans. They were proud to wear toga which was the sign of being Roman citizens. They spoke Latin, the language of the Romans. But the rank and file Celts went on living in their tiny huts, they spoke their native Celtic tongue, and they did not understand the language of their rulers.
The Roman Conquest of Britain One of the last countries to be conquered by Rome was France, or Gaul as it was then called. The war against the Gauls, who were Celtic tribes, lasted for eight years. Julius Caesar was appointed Head of the Roman army which was sent to conquer Gaul. In the course of his campaigns Caesar reached the
Channel and that was how the Romans came to see the white cliffs of the land of the British Celts. In 55 B.C. a Roman army of 10,000 men crossed the Channel and invaded Britain. The Celts saw their ships approaching and rushed to attack the invaders in the sea as they were landing. The Celts made a great impression on the Romans, who saw them for the first time in battle.
On the occasion of the battle their hair and moustaches were dyed red and their legs and arms were painted blue. With loud shouts they attacked the Romans in chariots and on foot and the well-armed invincible Romans under one of the greatest generals of that time had to return to Gaul. In the next year, 54 BC, Caesar again came to Britain, this time with larger forces(25,000 men).
The Celts fought bravely for their independence but they were not strong enough, in spite of their courage, to drive the Romans off. The Romans who had better arms and armour and were much better trained defeated the Celts in several battles. Some of the chiefs submitted and promised to pay tribute to Rome. Caesar then went back to Gaul to complete his conquer on the Continent. Although Julius Caesar came to Britain twice in the course of two years, he was not able,
really, to conquer it. The promised tribute was not paid and the real conquest of Britain by the Romans was not begun until nearly a hundred years after Caesar’s visits to the island. In 43 AD a Roman army invaded Britain and conquered the South-East. Other parts of the country were taken from time to time during the next forty years. The hilly districts in the West were very difficult to subdue, and the
Romans had to set up many camps in that part of the country. The Celts fought fiercely against the Romans who never managed to become masters of the whole island. They were unable to conquer the Scottish Highlands and the province of Britain consisted only of the southern part of the island. From time to time the Picts from the North managed to raid the
Roman part of the island, burn their villages, and drive off their cattle and sheep. To defend their province the Romans stationed their legions in Britain. Straight roads were built so that the legions might march quickly, wherever they were needed, to any part of the country. These roads were made of several layers of stones, lime, mortar and gravel. They were made so well that they lasted a long time and still exist today.
Bridges of stone were built wherever a road crossed a river; some of these bridges can still be found in Britain today. Besides, to guard the province against the Picts and Scots who lived in the hills of Scotland a high wall was built in the North. It was called “Hadrian’s Wall” because it was built by the command of the Emperor Hadrian. From one end of the wall to the another forts were built a mile apart and the
Roman warriors could be seen marching up and down the whole length of the wall. When the Northern Britons were not at war with the Romans they often came to the wall and traded with the warriors and the Romans would go hunting in the region north of the wall.
In 55 B.C. (before Christ) a Roman Army of 10,000 men with Julius Caesar at the head crossed the English Channel and tried to invade Britain. The Celts saw their ships and rushed to attack invaders in the sea as they were landing. The Romans had to return to Gaul. Next year Caesar tried to conquer Britain again, but he was not success. In 43 A.D. (Anno Domini) the Roman Army invaded Britain and conquered the South-East.
Roman influence in Britain
- The Romans built towns, splendid villas and public baths as in Rome itself. There were more than 50 towns built by the Romans in Britain. The houses in the towns were built of stone.
- In most towns there were market places and plenty of shops where merchants sold their goods. Trade began developing.
- The Romans were great road makers and now a network of roads connected all parts of the country.
- The great tracts of forest were cleared and cornfields took place.
- The Romans brought exploitation and slavery to the British Isles.
- The Romans brought Christianity to Britain.
- The native language absorbed many Latin words at that time.
The Anglo-Saxons conquest of Britain
The Anglo-Saxons invasion
When the Roman’s legions left Britain the Celts remained independent but not for long. From the middle of the fifth century they had to defend the country against the attacks of Germanic tribes from the continent. First the Jutes and then the Saxons and the Angles began to migrate to Britain. At first they only came to plunder. But in 449 the Jutes landed in Kent and this was the beginning of the conquest. In the South-East the Celts were soon overwhelmed (порабощены) but in the western parts of the country they offered stout resistance for many years. The final refuge of the Celts was Cornwall, Wales and the Northern Part of the country (Island).
In the course of the conquest many of the Celts were killed, some taken prisoners and made slaves or had to pay tribute to the conquerors.
1. The Roman invasion of Britain and its impact on the culture of the country. Latin borrowings in English.
2. The Anglo-Saxon invasion of Britain. The culture of the period.
3. The Scandinavian invasion of Britain. Scandinavian borrowings in English.
4. The Norman Conquest and its impact on different spheres of life in England. French borrowings in English.
5. The economic and political changes in the 16 th century England.
6. The Elizabethan age.
7. The Civil Wars in the 17 th century England and their impact on the political life in the country.
8. Science in the 17 th century England.
9. The Industrial Revolution. Science in the 18 th century England.
10. The economic reforms of the 19 th century.
11. The Victorian age.
12. The economic and political development of Britain between the two World Wars.
13. Britain in World War II.
14. Changes in the social life of Britain at the end of the 20 th ccentury.
15. The economic development of Britain at the end of the 20 th ccentury.
16. The history of the English language: from Old English to New English.
2. Сроки представления устных докладов на занятиях по домашнему чтению – с 15 ноября по 20 декабря. Звучание доклада – 5-10 минут без опоры на текст (можно пользоваться планом или тезисами). Необходимо использовать не менее двух англоязычных источников
Темы для устных докладов :
1. Traces of Celtic culture in present-day Britain.
2. The origin of English place-names.
3. Geoffrey Chaucer: his life and contribution to English literature.
4. William Caxton – the first English printer.
5. Arts in mediaeval England.
6. English Renaissance.
7. The theatre of the Elizabethan age.
9. Arts in the 17 th century.
10. The literature of the Enlightenment.
11. Romantic literature in England.
12. Realism in English literature.
13. English literature in the first half of the 20 th century.
14. Contemporary English literature.
15. A 20 th century writer/poet: his life and literary activities.
16. An outstanding public figure of the 20 th century Britain.
18. English architecture.
19. English music.
20. English theatre.
List of Recommended Literature
1. Encyclopaedia Britannica.
2. A. L. Morton. A People’s History of England.
3. David MacDowell. An Illustrated History of Britain. Longman.
4. M. J. Hecker, T. D. Volosova. English Literature. M., 1967.
5. M.J. Hecker, T. D. Volosova, A. Doroshevich. English Literature, IX Form. M., 1975.
6. S.D. Zaitseva. Early Britain. M., 1975.
7. V. Safonova, I. Kuzmina, E. Smirnova. British Literature and Culture. Спб, 1997.
8. I. Burova. The History of England. Parliamentary Monarchy. CПб., 1997.
9. Е.В. Яковлева, Е.Ю. Вершинина. Об англоязычной культуре на английском языке. M., 1996.
10. И.П. Иванова, Л.П. Чахоян, Т.М. Беляева. История английского языка. СПб., 1998.
11. Т.А. Расторгуева. История английского языка. М., 1998.
12. Р.С. Гинзбург и др. Лексикология английского языка. M., 1979.
13. Адриан Р. У. Рум. Великобритания. Лингвострановедческий словарь. М., 1999.
14. А.В. Кунин. Курс фразеологии современного английского языка. М., 1996.
15. А.П. Миньяр-Белоручева. Западноевропейское искусство от Хогарта до Сальвадора Дали. М., 1999.
16. Е.П. Прошкина. В мире музыки. Книга для чтения на английском языке. М., 1991.
17. Н.И. Леонова, Г.И. Никитина. Английская литература 1890-1960. М., 1997.
The Roman Empire became extremely strong in the 1st century BC. This Empire was the last and greatest civilization of the ancient world.
At that time two thousand years ago the Celtic people were still living in tribes. And Roman society, of course, was very much different from the Celts in many ways.
Romans first attacked Britain in 55-54 BC under Julius Caesar. But they really conquered Britain in the 1st century Anno Domini (AD) ['ænəu 'dɔmInaI], in 43 AD when the Roman Emperor Claudius decided to make Britain part of the Roman Empire. And Britain became one of its numerous provinces. They forced the population to pay tribute.
The Romans kept their armies in Britain. They had the country under control. They drove their barbaric enemies, the Scots to the mountains of Ireland and the Picts to the mountains of the far north. To protect themselves from the attacks of the Picts, the Romans built the wall known as Hadrian's Wall. Hadrian's Wall (120 kilometres long and four metres high (see the map, p.20) was built by Emperor Hadrian and is well-known all over the world.
But from the 3rd century the Scots, "the tattooed ones", from the mountains of Ireland and the Picts from present-day Scotland began to press Hadrian's wall.
As for the Britons, the Romans remained in control of Pretony (that is how they called Britain using its Greeco-Roman name) for nearly 400 years.
The Britons (the descendants of the Celts) had given history a famous figure Boadicea [‚bouədI'si:ə] (or Boudicca [bu:'ðIkə]). There is a monument to this fearless queen in London opposite Big Ben. It depicts herself driving a war chariot with two daughters lying dead at her feet.
Many Britons obeyed the Romans. And it became clear that nothing could stop the Romans, but some of them revolted and in 61 AD the Iceni [aI'sInI] tribe (which is now East Anglia) led by their queen, Boadicea, revolted. She destroyed their capital Londinium (London now) before the Romans defeated her. Boudicea thought that death would be better than captivity and, as it is written in the history books, first she gave poison to her daughters and, then took it herself. When the Roman soldiers found her she was already dead.
To this time perhaps belongs the origin of London as a city. There was certainly a place of some kind known as London at the time of the invasion under Claudius. London attained its importance under the Roman rule.
They left the country only in the second half of the 5th century because the Roman army was called back to fight in Gaul [gɔ:l] (France) where it defended the country from barbaric peoples.
The Romans left great heritage after them - the towns with streets, markets and shops; the houses with baths and central heating, sewage, drainage; the use of the Latin language and the new religion (Christianity).
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