Phraseological units and idioms in the english language реферат
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Секция: английский язык.
Исследовательская работа
Научный руководитель:
учитель английского языка
Алексеенко Оксана Анатольевна
Домодедово 2014 год
TABLE OF CONTENTS.
CHAPTER 1. PHRASEOLOGY AS AN OBJECT OF LINGUISTIC RESEARCH.
The subject and tasks of phraseology………………………………….5-6
CHAPTER 2. Phraseological units borrowed from literary sources. 2.1 Bibleista………………………………………………………………..10
2.2 Idioms borrowed from the literature of Ancient Greece and Ancient Rome……………………………………………………………….…………10-12
CHAPTER 3.THE RESEARCH.
3.1Comparison of phraseological units of Russian with English idioms.13-17
3.2The national character of the British during the idioms………….…17-19
INTRODUCTION.
English has a thousand-year history. During this time it has accumulated a large number of expressions that people have found successful, well-aimed and beautiful. And there was a special stratum of language - phraseology, a set of stable expressions that have independent meaning.
Learning English is widespread in our country. Good knowledge of the language, including English, is impossible without the knowledge of its phraseology. Phraseology knowledge helps to read both journalistic and fiction. Judicious use of phraseological units makes it more idiomatical.
With the help of phraseological expressions, which are not translated literally, as perceived rethought, enhanced aesthetic aspect of language. "With idioms, like using different shades of colours, information aspect of a language is complemented by sensually intuitive description of our world, our lives."
The World of modern English language phraseology is large and diverse, and every aspect of its research certainly deserves proper attention.
The purpose is to prove a link with the national character and phraseology and show how phraseological units reflect the mentality of the English people. And also consider the similarities and differences in the Russian and English languages.
The task is to explore phraseological units of English and the English national character, as well as to consider different approaches to translation of phraseological units.
The object of this work is phraseological units in English and how to translate them into Russian.
For people, who learn English as a foreign language, this layer is the difficulty in mastering, but after mastering phraseology as we begin to speak English, we understand them at a glance, our speech possibility extremely increases. We briefly and accurately can express our thoughts, being confident in the correctness of the expression. In many cases, the knowledge of English phraseology avoids literal translation from Russian into English.
The choice of this theme is not random. Phraseology isa treasure trove of a language. British idioms have a distinct national character. That's why choosing this theme, you can’t just fill up your vocabulary with native-English expressions, but also learn more about the culture and traditions of England.
Methods of research: analysis of documents and facts about phraseology. Surveys, processing and research.
Materials: articles, literature and web-sites.
Chapter 1.Phraseology as an object of linguistic research.
1.1The subject and tasks of phraseology.
Phraseology is a branch of linguistics, which studies the sustainable combination in the language. Phraseology is also called the set of steady combinations in the language in General, in the language of a writer, in the language of separate works of art, etc.
Phraseology is developing principles of allocation of phraseological units, methods of their study, classification and phraseography - descriptions in dictionaries. Phraseology is the use of different research methods, such as component analysis values. Phraseology offers different types of classifications of a language phraseological structure depending on the properties of phraseologisms and methods of their research.
The subject of the history of phraseology is the study of primary, initial forms and meanings of phraseological units, determination of their sources for all of the available sites, the identification of the spheres of their usage in different periods of existence of the language, and determining the scope of the phraseological structure and its system of order in a particular historical epoch in development of the language.
Unfortunately the question of phraseology is not put by English and American scientists as a linguistic science. This explains the absence of names for the discipline in English .
1.2 Phraseological fusion.
Thus, in phraseological fusions the connection between direct and portable values is lost, real for them has become the major. That is why phraseological bridges are difficult to translate into other languages.
Phraseological growths have a number of distinctive features:
1. in their structure the so-called necrotism can be included - the words are not used anywhere except this fusion from the point of view of the modern language
2. the composition of the growths may include archaisms;
3. they are syntactically indecomposable;
4 .in most cases rearranging of the components in them is not possible;
5. they are characterized by proof - do not allow in its composition additional words.
1.3 Phraseological unity.
Phraseological unity is a set combination of keywords where the signs of non division is kept: to spill the beans to give away the secret; to burn bridges to burn bridges; to have other fish to fry have better things to do; to throw dust into smb.’s eyes - talk teeth; to burn one's fingers - burn; to throw mud at smb. - pour mud; to be narrow in the shoulders - not to understand jokes; to paint the devil blacker than he is - to exaggerate; to put a spoke in smb.’s wheel to put a spoke in the wheel ; to hold one's cards close to one's chest - to keep something secret, not disclose anything to keep quiet, keep your tongue ; to gild refined gold to gold-plate of pure gold, and try to improve, to decorate something already quite good; to paint the lily - tint color of lilies, try to improve or beautify something that does not need improving.
Characteristic features of the phraseological unities:
1. Vivid imagery and the consequent possibility of coincidence in parallel with existing phrases (cf.: to throw dust into smb.’s eyes, to be narrow in the shoulders, to burn one's fingers, to burn bridges);
2. Save the semantics of individual components to put a spoke in smb.’s wheel);
3. Impossibility to replace some of the components of other (to hold one's cards close to one's chest);
4. Emotional - expressive coloring plays a crucial role (to throw dust into smb.’s eyes, to paint the devil blacker than he is);
5. The ability to enter into a synonymic relations with individual words or other idioms (to gild refined gold = to paint the lily).
1.4 Phraseological combinations.
Phraseological combinations are set expressions which are composed of words and with free and phraseologically connected meanings: a bosom friend is a bosom friend, a pitched battle - a strong fight, (to have) a narrow escape is to be saved by a miracle, to frown one's eyebrows - knitting his eyebrows, Adam's apple - Adam's Apple, a Sisyfean labor - Sisyphean task, rack one's brains - puzzle (to think hard to remember), to pay attention to smb. - to pay someone for the attention, etc.
1.5 Phraseological expressions.
Phraseological expressions are only expressions with the literal meaning of components. In the structure of phraseological expressions numerous English Proverbs and sayings are included, which are used in direct meaning, do not have shaped the allegorical sense: live and learn – век живи, век учисьn; better than untaught than ill taught – лучше быть неученым, чем неправильно ученым many men, many mind – сколько голов, столько и умов; easier said than done – легче сказать, чем сделать ; nothing is impossible to a willing heart – кто хочет, тот добьется.
Chapter 2. Phraseological units borrowed from literary sources.
2.2 Idioms borrowed from the literature of Ancient Greece and Ancient Rome.
Except for the fixed phrases from the Bible, in English, as in the languages of other European Nations which are descendants of ancient culture, there are many Proverbs, aphorisms and figurative expression, incurred by the ancient Greeks and Romans.
The idioms of the golden age - – золотой век, the apple of discord –яблоко раздора, Pandora's box - – ящик Пандоры, an Achilles’ heel –ахиллесова пята, Augean stable(s) – авгиевы конюшни, a labor of Hercules –геркулесов труд, a labor of Sisyphus –сизифов труд, Lares and Penates (portrait)-лары и пенаты, то, что создаетуют, домашний очаг (лары и пенаты в древнеримской мифологии – боги-покровители домашнего очага), the thread of Ariadne (book.) –ариаднина нить, путеводная нить, способ, помогающий выйти из затруднительного положения (дочь критского царя Ариадна, дав греческому герою Тезею клубок ниток, помогла ему выбраться из лабиринта) are taken from antique mythology .
The following expressions are from Aesop's fables and other ancient tales and fables: to blow hot and cold - to oscillate, to do contradictory things, take an ambivalent position (in one of Aesop's fables traveler simultaneously blew on his fingers to warm them, and the soup to cool him), to add insult to injury - exacerbate abuse; to kill the goose that laid the golden eggs is to kill the goose that lays the Golden eggs; to cry wolf too often - to raise a false alarm; the lion's share - the lion's share; the last straw (that broke the camel's back), the limit of patience; sour grapes - green grapes (about something unreachable and therefore objectionable); to nourish a viper in one's bosom - to warm a snake in his bosom; an ass in a lion's skin - ass in the lion's skin; a fly on the wheel - people overestimating their participation in any case.
From one of the legends Phaedra is saying to take time by the forelock -
To take your chance. Expressions the smell of the lamp - smell lamp (i.e. oil in the lamp, in the light of which have altered his work, writer); to know where the shoe pinches - know what's wrong, what need has become known thanks to the works of Plutarch. From there goes the saying the skeleton at the feast - man, disturbing, spoiling someone else's fun; the expression to call a spade a spade - to call things by their names originates from inaccurate, but the successful translation of the Erasmus.
Some idioms traced back to the works of ancient writers: a snake in the grass - snake in the grass, insidious, hidden enemy (Virgil); the golden mean is the Golden mean (Horace); the sinews of war (book.) - money, material means (to war) (Cicero); anger is a short madness - “anger is a short madness” (Horace).
Phraseological units which came into English from the literature of Ancient Greece and Ancient Rome, endowed with extraordinary beauty and expressiveness, and this explains their prevalence not only in English but other languages of the world.
Луганск 2019г
2.1. The history of the issue……………………………………………..4
2.2. The definition of the term “idiom”…………………………………….5
2.4. Comparing and analyzing English, Russian and Kazakh idioms..9
1.Introduction
Foreign language learning is the attainment of a new national culture, the attempt to connect to it. Phraseology, which is an integral part of a kind of Treasury of any language, especially can greatly assist this introduction. Phraseological units reflect a long history of people and their unique culture and way of life. That is why it is so important to study them.
Idiom (the idiom) is an important expressive means of language. An idiom is a set phrase with a separate meaning. The majority of idioms are created by people, and therefore closely related to the interests and daily activities of ordinary people.
In idiomatic expressions reflects the views associated with work, lifestyle and culture of the people. They fully reveal the national specifics of language and identity. Thus, the main purpose of idioms - giving speech of a particular expression, unique originality, accuracy and imagery.
The purpose of this research: through a comparative analysis of idiomatic expressions in English, Russian and Kazakh languages to identify similarities and differences in the mentality of the peoples in question.
To achieve the aim I have set before myself the following objectives:
the definition of criteria for the analysis of idiomatic expression in English, Russian and Kazakh languages;
- definition and analysis of the factors most strongly influencing the nature of idiomatic expressions.
To achieve the objectives of this work were used:
descriptive method as the source; the gathering of material, classification of material
comparative method-comparison of idiomatic expression in English, Russian and Kazakh languages
method of analysis: analysis of idiomatic expression in each of the considered language groups separately, as well as groups of idioms, equally occurring in all considered languages.
2. Main part
2.1. The history of the issue
About phraseology has written many articles, books, dissertations, and interest in this area of language has not dried up, neither the researchers, nor those who are simply indifferent to the word.
Phraseology as an independent linguistic discipline appeared in the 40-ies of XX century in Soviet linguistics. Background of the theory of phraseology was laid in the works of A. A. Potebnya, I. I. Sreznevsky, A. A. Shakhmatov and F. Fortunatov. Influence on the development of phraseology was also provided by the ideas of the French linguist W. Bali (1865-1947).
Collocability (lexical valency) is the aptness of lingual units to appear in different combinations when forming lingual units of the upper level. Lexical collocability is the realization of syntagmatic relations.
Word-combination is the combination of two or more words, organized according to the laws of a given language, which represent complex nominations of various referents.
All word-combinations are divided into free and bound ones.
Free word-combinations preserve the lexical meaning of their notional components: to read a book, a piece of bread, a piece of chalk.
Set expression – the lexical meanings of its components are weak or lost: as hard as nails, железная дорога, бить баклуши.
Phraseological units are set word-groups with idiomatic or partially idiomatic meaning.
Features of phraseological units:
1) structural criterion:
- structural invariability or morphological stability means the permanence of lexical composition, no (or few) substitutions of components are possible: to bend over backward to do something (*turn over sideward). The are also strict restrictions on the componential extension and grammatical changes of components of phraseological units: a white elephant (*a big white elephant) ‘an expensive but useless thing’, from head to foot (*feet);
2) semantic criterion:
- phraseological units are characterized by semantic unity, that means that the meaning in phraseological unit is created by mutual interaction of elements, i.e. its meaning cannot be deduced from the meaning of its components,e.g. to kick the bucket ‘to die’, to be in deep water ‘in trouble or difficulty’;
- phraseological meaning conveys a single concept and this makes phraseological units similar to words, e.g. in a brown study ‘gloomy’;
3) syntactic criterion:
- phraseological units are characterized by syntactic fixity, that means that phraseological units are functionally inseparable and like words they perform one common syntactic function in the sentence, for example, the phraseological unit off the record ‘not yet official’functions as an adverb;
- phraseological units are characterized by ready made reproduction; they cannot be freely made up in speech but are reproduced as ready made units, e.g. red tape ‘bureaucratic methods’, to get rid of, to take place, to lead the dance, to take care.
Features of free word-combinations and phraseological units can be seen in Table 6.
| Free word combinations | Phraseological units |
| to get one’s foot in the door | to get one’s foot in the door “to get your first opportunity to work in a particular organization or industry” |
| 1. They are motivated | 1. They are non-motivated or partially motivated |
| 2. Semantic compatibility | 2. Semantic incompatibility |
| 3. Separateness of nomination, each word realizes its own meaning | 3. Integrity of nomination, the meaning of the whole phrase cannot be deduced from the meanings of its components |
| 4. Variability is possible in them to have one’s feet in the door | 4. Variability is impossible in them (with some exceptions) |
| 5.Substitution is possible in them to get one’s hand in the doorway | 5. Substitution is impossible in them: *hand in the doorway |
| 6. They are made up according to the existing syntactic pattern | 6. They are isolated from the existing syntactic pattern |
| 7. They are made up by the speaker, they are productive | 7. They can be freely made up in speech but they are reproduced as ready-made units; they are absolutely non-productive |
Set non-phraseological units stand midway between free word combinations and phraseological units, e.g. strong sales, to commit suicide, good luck, black coffee.They may be characterized in the following way:
1) they are set because they are not made up in speech but are used as ready made units;
2) they are non-phraseological because the meaning of the whole can be inferred from the meanings of its components;
3) they are transitional, semi-productive.
Set expressions traditionally make the subject of phraseology.
Phraseology – is a branch of linguistics studying set-expressions and collocability of words of the language.
Phraseologisms are culturally marked, they bear a charge of country-specific information, that’s why they often make the subject of linguistic studies of culture.
The article is devoted to a combination of words that appear in speech, and describes the features of a phraseological unit, which is an indispensable element of the language. Not only the number of words, their polysemy, their word-building capabilities, grammatical features, synonymy, but also phraseology indicates the richness, originality and originality of the language.
Key words: phraseology, combination, fixed, phrase, aphorisms, imagery, sayings, emotional coloring, polysemy, synonymy.
The richness and diversity, the originality of the speech of the speaker or writer depends largely on how he is aware of what the originality of the native language and its wealth consist in. What is the peculiarity of phraseological units? What makes up their specifics? 1. Phraseological units, like words, are not created by the speaker, but reproduced in finished form. They require memorization and are stored in our memory. 2. Words in idioms lose their semantic independence. The value is transmitted by the entire set of phraseological component words. This value is called holistic. 3. In the phraseology can not replace words at will. If, instead of catching a raven in a lesson, to say to catch cockroaches in a lesson, then a free phrase appears at the place of the idiom and the meaning will be different [1, p.100]. Idioms possess great stylistic possibilities, make speech colorful, imaginative. In a few words, they help to say a lot, because they determine not only the object, but also its sign, not only the action, but also its circumstances. So, a steady combination in a big way means not just “rich”, but “rich, luxurious, without embarrassment in the means”. Phraseologism to cover up traces means not just “to destroy, eliminate something”, but “to eliminate, destroy something that can serve as evidence in something”.
Phraseology attracts with its expressiveness, the potential opportunity to positively or negatively assess phenomena, to express approval or condemnation, ironic, mocking or other attitude. This is manifested most vividly in the so-called idioms-characteristics: a man with a capital letter, the milk on the lips is not dried, a telegraph pole, absolute zero, wind in the head, a bright personality, a mind chamber, a white crow, not a timid ten. Of particular interest are idioms, the imagery of which acts as a reflection of clarity, “pictures”, concluded in the freest phrases, on the basis of which the idiom is formed. For example, preparing for work, we roll up our sleeves so that it is more convenient to do business; meeting dear guests, we shrug our shoulders widely, showing that we are ready to embrace them; with the score, if it is small, for convenience we fold our fingers. Free phrases that call such actions of people have visibility, “picture squeness”, which “is inherited” is transmitted to phraseological units: roll up your sleeves — “do something diligently, diligently, and vigorously”; with open arms — “affably, cordially (to receive, to meet someone)”; count on fingers — “very little, little” [1, p. 107].
Among idioms stand out, above all, such steady momentum, which have a fused, undifferentiated meaning, i.e. a value that is not a simple sum of the values of the words turnover. This fusion is especially clearly manifested in cases when the turnover is equivalent in meaning to one word. For example: a hare soul — a coward, to put a hand on a heart — frankly, to put sticks in wheels — to mix, white flies — snow, etc. Such idioms are called idioms. It is idioms that, first of all, are unconditionally recognized by phraseologisms by all researchers. Idioms are phraseological units that are not translated literally into another language. Idioms are represented in the language by two types — phraseological adhesions and phraseological unity. Phraseological interconnection is a turn of a figurative or ideological character, the meaning of which is completely not motivated by the values of the components forming it.
Phraseological unity, which in its sense is close to the word or equivalent to the word (the hare's soul is a coward), is joined by paraphrasses, i.e. descriptive descriptive designations of an object (object, person) through an indication of its signs, in which one of the words has a direct meaning and the other is a portable one and which have a meaning equivalent to one word: the king of beasts is a lion, black gold is oil, the air ocean is an atmosphere sky the daylight is the sun [3, p.234]. Some relate to phraseological units and phraseological combinations — semantically decomposable turns, in which limited use is, one of the components is phraseologically related (it is combined with one, two, less often — with a larger number of words). For example: a bosom friend, open his mouth, cry bitterly, rush headlong (rush and under), make an impact (support, help, assistance, resistance, service, trust), take to the right (left) [2, p.201]. A peculiar group consists of phraseological combinations in which the related component is not a word, but a steady turnover. Phraseological expressions are also semantically decomposable; as opposed to phraseological combinations, they consist of components, the meaning of which, in principle, is realized without restrictions, freely. The basis for the inclusion of such units in phraseology is that they are associations of words reproduced by the memory in this particular composition. Phraseological expressions include all sorts of clichés and those sayings and winged words, sayings, which have a direct (and not allegorical) meaning. For example: seriously and for a long time; at this stage; completely; truth is good, but happiness is better (proverb); Love for all ages; healthy mind in a healthy body [3, p.57].
It is clear that phraseological units, logically equivalent to a sentence (expressing judgment) or equivalent to a phrase or word, can play a different syntactic role. They act as predicates (“the cat cried for money,” “he will not offend the flies”) of the subjects (“there were evil tongues talking about it”.So, the colloquial phraseologisms include: the grandmother said in two, with pitchforks on the water it is written, it burns in its hands, it heals before the wedding, he speaks his teeth, out of hand, bite his elbows, tear his hair, do not believe his ears, shot sparrow, rubbed roll, pull the bother, tongue without bones, etc. The vernacular are phraseological units that came under the tail, straighten brains, hang noodles on the ears, clap eyes, give oak, shut the throat, like a ram on a new gate, bowel, crawl into a bottle, spread a bodie, mouth open, snout turn up pour the teeth, wind up fishing rods, remove shavings, poke your nose, snipe into the snout, a lump on level ground [1, p.59]. A certain part of the phraseology is made up of books of a character: attic salt, incense incense, stumbling block, crying stones, a book after seven seals, a cornerstone, a promised land, a panurg herd, rest on its laurels, a Procrustean bed, dress up in a toga and others. Finally, the fabric of the language includes stylistically neutral phraseological units: railroad, open voting, open an account, stand your own, in a matter of days, by all means, word for word, in any case, in no case, pull yourself together word ass numbered, confused, New Year, pansies, isosceles triangle, order table, help desk, etc.
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