London phonological school реферат
Обновлено: 05.07.2024
The Moscow Phonological School (MFS) is one of the trends in modern phonology that arose on the basis of the teachings of I. A. Baudouin de Courtenay about the phoneme (along with the Leningrad Phonological School (LFS), founded by L. V. Shcherba). The emergence of the school is associated with the names of such Soviet linguists as R. I. Avanesov, V. N. Sidorov, A. A. Reformatsky. The school also included P. S. Kuznetsov, M. V. Panov, and other scientists. The school's views are stated, in particular, in the book by RI Avanesov and VN Sidorov "An Outline of the Grammar of the Russian Literary Language (Part I: Phonetics and Morphology)", which was published in Moscow in 1945. Avanesov himself eventually developed his own phonological concept, which he outlined in the book "Phonetics of the Modern Russian Literary Language", published in 1956. M. V. Panov, whose book "Russian Phonetics" was published in 1967, did the same. The most important position of the school is the need to apply a morphological criterion (referring to morphemic division) when determining the phonemic composition of a language. Within the framework of the IDF, the theory of phonological positions and the doctrine of phoneme variation have been developed. IDF ideas have found application primarily in writing theory: in graphics, spelling, alphabets creation, practical transcription and transliteration, as well as in historical phonetics, dialectology, linguistic geography and teaching a foreign language.
The first idea about the need to consider the sounds of language as constituent morphemes was expressed by I. A. Baudouin de Courtenay. In 1871, in his work "Some general remarks on linguistics and language", he wrote that the subject of phonetics is not only the study of sounds from the physiological side or in their historical development, but also the role of sounds in the mechanism of language, their significance for the instinct of the people, which does not always coincide with the corresponding categories of sounds in their physical properties and is conditioned, on the one hand, by the physiological nature, and on the other, by the origin, history of sounds; this is an analysis of sounds from a morphological, word-formation point of view . According to Baudouin, phonemes “can be considered linguistically only when they are part of the comprehensively living linguistic
Tradition of phonetic and phonological studies in England. Theoretical and methodological study of English phonetics at The London Phonological School. Basic concepts of the London school of structuralism. Sweet Henry English philologist and phonetician.
| Рубрика | Иностранные языки и языкознание |
| Вид | реферат |
| Язык | английский |
| Дата добавления | 20.01.2012 |
| Размер файла | 21,2 K |
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The London phonological school
The London school of phonology is headed by professor Daniel Jones of London and is considered to represent the physical conception of the phoneme. Professor John’s views of phonetics are expressed in number of his works. In the “monograph” the phoneme it’s nature and duce Daniel John’s writes that the idea of the phoneme was first introduce to him in 1911 by professor Scerba of Leningrad.
He prefers the original mertolistic of the phoneme but he finds it unconvinced in practiced purposes. His own definition runs us follows: “A phoneme is a family of sounds in a given language which are related in character and used in such a way that no one member ever occurs in a word in the same phonetic contests as any other members”.
Daniel John’s doesn’t mentioned the distinctive function of the phoneme but dwell open it later on. At the same time he infacaises the fact that different members of the same phoneme are mutually explosive. For example the sound [K] that is used in word ‘keep” cannot be used in word “call”. His theory may be called atomistic. He breaks up his phoneme into atoms as it were and considers different features of phonemes as independent phenomena. Thus if we speak of different features is quell to talking about phones. The number of which formulate the corresponding phoneme. He also speaks of different degrees of length. At the same time he distinguished tone and different degrees of stress. The atomistic conception of the phoneme is not very convinced. And in this case D. John’s shows the influence of Trubetzkoy.
лондонская школа ofлондонская школа фонология возглавляет профессор дэниел джонс в лондоне и считается физической концепции. профессор джон мнения фонетика выражены в число своих работ.в "Monograph". это природа и дуче даниэль джон пишет, что идея. впервые представить его в 1911 году профессор scerba ленинграда.он предпочитает первоначальную mertolistic из. но он считает не в в целях.его собственное определение идет нам следующее: ". это семейство звучит в том или ином языке, которые связаны в характер и использоваться таким образом, что ни один из членов не происходит, одним словом, в том же фонетические конкурсов, как и любые другие члены".даниэль джон не упомянул отличительной особенностью этого. но останавливаться открыть его позже.в то же время он infacaises тот факт, что различные члены одной. являются взрывоопасным.например, звук [к], которые используются в слово "держать", не могут быть использованы в слово "звонок".его теория может быть предложено раздроблено.он разрушает его. на атомы, как это было и считает особенности фонемы, в качестве независимых явлений.таким образом, если мы говорим о разных функций подавления говорить про телефоны.число которых сформулировать соответствующие. он также говорит о разной длины.в то же время он уважаемый тон и различной степени стресса.The атомизированные концепция. не очень убедительно.и в этом случае D. джон показывает влияние сергеевич трубецкой.
Let us consider the phrase [на лугу кос нет] and words [вАлы ], [сАма]. Logically, there can only be three answers to the question: which phonemes are represented by the consonant sound [c] in [кос] and by the vowel sound [А] in [вАлы]:
M (1) If [кос] and [вАлы] are grammatical forms of the words коза and вол respectively, then the consonant [c] represents phoneme /з/, while the vowel [А] is an allophone of the phoneme /o/. If [кос] and [вАлы] are grammatical forms of the words коса and вал respectively, then the consonant [c] belongs to the phoneme /с/, while the vowel [А] should be assigned to the phoneme /а/.
СП (2) The consonant [c] in [кос] belongs to the phoneme Id no matter whether it is a form of коза or that of коса, while the vowel [А] in [вАлы] represents the phoneme /a/ no matter whether it is a form of вол or that of вал.
П (3) The consonant [c] represents neither phoneme /з/, nor phoneme Id, while the vowel [А] in [вАлы] does not belong either to the phoneme /a/ or to the phoneme /о/.
Since there are three possible answers to the above questions, there are three schools of thought on the problem of identifying phonemes.
Those linguists who give the first answer belong to the so-called morphological (Moscow phonological) school (R.I. Avanesov, V.N. Sidorov, P.S. Kuznetsov, A.A. Reformatsky, and N.F. Yakovlev). The exponents of this school maintain that two different phonemes in different allomorphs of the same morpheme may be represented on the synchronic level by one and the same sound, which is their common variant and, consequently, one and the same sound may belong to one phoneme in one word and to another phoneme in another word.
In order to decide to which phoneme the sounds in a phonologically weak (neutral) position belong, it is necessary to find another allomorph of the same morpheme in which the phoneme occurs in the strong position, i.e. one in which it retains all its distinctive features. The strong position of a Russian consonant phoneme is that before a vowel sound of the same word, whereas the strong position of a vowel phoneme is that under stress. The consonant [c] in кос belongs to the phoneme Id because in the strong position in such allomorphs of the same morpheme as in коса, косы the phoneme is definitely /с/. In коз the same sound [c] is a variant of the phoneme /з/ because in the strong position, as in коза, козы, the phoneme is definitely /з/. The vowel [А] in валы is an allophone of the phoneme /a/ because the phoneme occurs in the strong position in вал while the same vowel [А] in волы is a variant of the phoneme /o/ because this phoneme is found in the strong position in вол.
According to this school of thought, the neutral vowel sound in original should be assigned to the English phoneme /σ/because this phoneme occurs in the strong position in such word as origin.
The second school of thought, originated by L.V. Shcherba, advocates the autonomy of the phoneme and its independence from the morpheme. Different allomorphs of a morpheme may differ from each other on the synchronic level not only in their allophonic, but also in their phonemic composition. According to the Leningrad (Petersburg) phonological school (L.V. Shcherba, L.R. Zinder, M.I. Matusevich), speech sounds in a phonologically neutral position belong to that phoneme with whose principal variant they completely or nearly coincide. Thus, the sound [c] in [кос] should be assigned to the phoneme /с/because it fully coincides with the latter's principal variant, which is free from the influence of neighboring speech sounds. The vowel [А] in [вАлы] should be assigned to the phoneme /a/ because it nearly coincides with the latter's principal variant [a]. The vowel [ъ] in [въдАвос] does not even resemble either [o] or [a] or [А] but it is still assigned to the /a/ phoneme because both /o/ and /a/ are reduced to [ъ].
According to the third school of thought, there exist types of phonemes higher than the unit phoneme. Different linguists call them differently. One of the terms for them introduced by Prague Linguistic Circle, namely by N.S. Trubetzkoy and R. Jacobson, is archiphoneme. According to them, the archiphoneme is a combination of distinctive features common to two phonemes. Thus each of the speech sounds [c], [з] represents the phonemes /c/, /з/. These two phonemes differ from each other only in matter of voice, while both of them possess the other two distinctive features: (1) forelingual (2) fricative articulation. These two features together constitute the archiphoneme to which both [c] and [з] belong. This archiphoneme is, therefore, neither voiceless nor voiced. It designated by Russian capital letter C. The sound [c] in [кос] in both На лугу кос нет and На лугу коз нет belongs to this archiphoneme andnot to the phoneme /c/ or /з/.
The phoneme /а/ and /о/ belong to archiphoneme which is realized in the sound [A], as in [вАлы] meaning both валы and волы.
National and regional pronunciation variants in English.
British and American pronunciation models.
Most distinctive features of BBC English and Network English.
The articulatory classification of English vowels.
The articulatory classification of English consonants.
Phoneme as many-sided dialectic unity of language. Types of allophones. Distinctive and irrelevant features of the phoneme.
Main phonological schools.
The system of vowel phonemes in English. Problem of diphthongs.
The system of consonant phonemes in English. Problem of affricates.
Modifications of English consonants and vowels in speech.
Alternations of speech sounds in English.
Theories on syllable division and formation.
The structure and functions of syllable in English.
Word stress in English.
Intonation and prosody: definition, functions, components, spheres of application.
The structure of English tone-group.
The phonological level of intonation.
Methods of phonetic analysis.
Phonostylistics. Types and styles of pronunciation in English.
Phonetics of the spoken discourse.
Phonetics as a branch of linguistics
Aspects and units of phonetics
Branches of phonetics
4Methods of phonetic analysis
Spoken and written language
Classification of pronunciation variants in English. British pronunciation model
Classification of pronunciation variants in English. American pronunciation model
Types and styles of pronunciation
Articulatory classification of English consonants
Articulatory classification of English vowels
Definition of the phoneme and its functions
Types of allophones and main features of the phoneme
Methods of the phonemic analysis
Main phonological schools. Moscow phonological school.
Main phonological schools. St Petersburg (Leningrad) phonological school
Main phonological schools. Prague phonological school
The system of consonant phonemes. Problem of affricates
The system of vowel phonemes. Problems of diphthongs and vowel length
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