The great depression in the usa кратко

Обновлено: 07.07.2024

The history of the USA dates back only to the 15th century. In the 15th century there was no USA at all. The present territory of the USA was divided among some countries. In the 15th - 16th centuries some territory of the USA belonged to Great Britain (northern and western lands); southern parts (California, Florida, New Mexico, Texas) belonged to Spain, then - to Mexico; the central part, the territory was called Louisiana - to France; Alaska was possessed by Russia; some territories remained to be under Indians control.

In 18th century there were only thirteen Britain's American colonies and they broke with Great Britain in 1776 and later were recognized as the new nation of the the United States of America, following the Treaty of Paris in 1783. During the 19th"and 20th centuries, 37 new states were added to the original 13 as the nation expanded their frontiers across the North American continent and acquired a number of overseas possessions.

There were three most dramatic experiences in the nation's history: the Civil War (1861-1865), the Great Depression of the 1930s and Vietnam War of the 1960s - 70s.
After its victories in World Wars I and II and the end of the Cold War in 1991, the USA remains the world's most powerful state. The economy is marked by steady growth, low unemployment and inflation, and great advances in technology.

Nowadays USA is world's third-largest country by size (after Russia and Canada) and by population (after China and India). It is about half the size of Russia or lightly larger than China or Brazil.

Краткая история США

История США начинается только в 15 столетии. В пятнадцатом столетии не было никаких США вообще. Нынешняя территория США была разделена между несколькими государствами. В 15-16 столетиях часть территории принадлежала Великобритании (северная и западная земли); южная часть (Калифорния, Флорида, Нью-Мексико, Техас) принадлежала Испании, затем Мексике; центральная часть, территория, которую называли Лузитанией, - Франции; Аляска принадлежала России; некоторые территории оставались под управлением индейцев.

В настоящее время США - третья страна в мире по площади территории (после России и Канады) и населению (после Китая и Индии). Это примерно половина территории России или немногим больше территории Китая или Бразилии.

Вопросы:
1. How many Britain's American colonies were there in North America in the 18 th century?
2. When did the history of the USA begin?
3. When did the Civil War happen?
4. What were three most dramatic experiences in the USA history?
5. When did Vietnam War happen?
6. When did the Cold War finish?
7. When did the Great Depression happen?

Словарь:
advance - продвижение вперед, прогресс, улучшение
frontier - граница
powerful - мощный
steady - стабильный, устойчивый
to acquire - получать, приобретать
to expand - увеличивать, расширять
to possess - иметь, владеть
to remain - оставаться
to recognize - зд. признавать
treaty - договор, конвенция
unemployment - безработица

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The depression originated in the United States, after a fall in stock prices that began around September 4, 1929, and became worldwide news with the stock market crash of October 29, 1929 (known as Black Tuesday). Between 1929 and 1932, worldwide GDP fell by an estimated 15%. By comparison, worldwide GDP fell by less than 1% from 2008 to 2009 during the Great Recession.[4] Some economies started to recover by the mid-1930s. However, in many countries, the negative effects of the Great Depression lasted until the beginning of World War II.[5]

The Great Depression had devastating effects in countries both rich and poor. Personal income, tax revenue, profits and prices dropped, while international trade plunged by more than 50%. Unemployment in the U.S. rose to 25% and in some countries rose as high as 33%.[6]

Cities all around the world were hit hard, especially those dependent on heavy industry. Construction was virtually halted in many countries. Farming communities and rural areas suffered as crop prices fell by approximately 60%.[7][8][9] Facing plummeting demand with few alternate sources of jobs, areas dependent on primary sector industries such as mining and logging suffered the most.[10]

The Great Depression was a severe worldwide economic depression that took place during the 1930s. The timing of the Great Depression varied across nations; however, in most countries it started in 1929 and lasted until the late 1930s.[1] It was the longest, deepest, and most widespread depression of the 20th century.[2] In the 21st century, the Great Depression is commonly used as an example of how far the world's economy can decline.[3]The depression originated in the United States, after a fall in stock prices that began around September 4, 1929, and became worldwide news with the stock market crash of October 29, 1929 (known as Black Tuesday). Between 1929 and 1932, worldwide GDP fell by an estimated 15%. By comparison, worldwide GDP fell by less than 1% from 2008 to 2009 during the Great Recession.[4] Some economies started to recover by the mid-1930s. However, in many countries, the negative effects of the Great Depression lasted until the beginning of World War II.[5]The Great Depression had devastating effects in countries both rich and poor. Personal income, tax revenue, profits and prices dropped, while international trade plunged by more than 50%. Unemployment in the U.S. rose to 25% and in some countries rose as high as 33%.[6]Cities all around the world were hit hard, especially those dependent on heavy industry. Construction was virtually halted in many countries. Farming communities and rural areas suffered as crop prices fell by approximately 60%.[7][8][9] Facing plummeting demand with few alternate sources of jobs, areas dependent on primary sector industries such as mining and logging suffered the most.[10]

великая депрессия была сильной мировой экономической депрессии, которые имели место в течение 30 - х годов. время великой депрессии в разных наций; однако в большинстве стран началось в 1929 году и продолжалось до конца 30 - х годов. [1] это был длинный, глубокие, и самым распространенным депрессии 20 - го века [2]. в XXI векевеликая депрессия обычно используется в качестве примера того, как далеко мировой экономики может снижаться. [3]

депрессия возникла в соединенных штатах, после падения цен на акции, которая началась около 4 сентября 1929 года и стал мировых новостей с обвала фондовой биржи 29 октября 1929 года (известного как черная во вторник).между 1929 - 1932 года, во всем мире ввп снизился примерно на 15%.для сравнения,во всем мире ввп снизился на менее чем 1% с 2008 по 2009 год во время великой депрессии. [4] в некоторых странах начал восстанавливаться в середине 1930 - х годов, однако во многих странах негативными последствиями великой депрессии, длился до начала второй мировой войны. [5]

великой депрессии имеет разрушительные последствия для страны богатые и бедные.личный доход, налоговых поступлений, прибыли и цены упали,хотя международная торговля упали более чем на 50%.безработица в сша выросла до 25%, а в некоторых странах закрывается достигает 33%. [6]

городов во всем мире, серьезно пострадали, особенно тех, которые зависят от тяжелой промышленности.строительство было фактически остановлено во многих странах.фермерских общинах и сельских районах страдают как цены на урожай снизился приблизительно на 60%.[7] [8] [9] перед падением спроса с нескольких альтернативных источников рабочих мест, районах, зависящих от сырьевого сектора промышленности, таких как горнодобывающих и лесозаготовительных страдают. [10].

This photograph, taken by Dorothea Lange, was widely published and symbolized the Great Depression.

One Thursday afternoon in October 1929, a workman outside an upper floor window of a Wall Street office found himself staring into the eyes of four policemen. They reached out to catch hold of him. “Don’t jump!” shouted one of the policemen. “It’s not that bad.” “Who’s going to jump?” asked the surprised worker. “I’m just washing windows!”
To understand this incident we need to look at what had been happening in Wall Street in the months and years before that October afternoon in 1929.
Wall Street is the home of the New York Stock Exchange. Here dealers called stockbrokers buy and sell shares.
Owning shares in a business gives you the right to a share of its profits. But you can make money from shares in another way. You can buy them at one price and then, if the company does well, sell them later at a higher one.
More and more people were eager to get some of this easy money. By 1929, buying and selling shares had become almost a national hobby.

Like most other things in the United States in the 1920, you could buy shares on credit. Many people borrowed large sums of money from the banks to buy shares in this way. By the autumn of 1929 the urge to buy shares had become a sort of fever.
Yet some people began to have doubts. The true value of shares in a business firm depends upon its profits. But the profits of many American firms had been falling for some time.
If profits were falling, thought more cautious investors, then share prices, too, would soon fall. Slowly such people began to sell their shares. Day by day their number grew. Soon so many people were selling shares that prices did start to fall.
A panic began. On Thursday, October 24, 1929 — Black Thursday — 13 million shares were sold. On the following Tuesday, October 29 — Terrifying Tuesday — 16.5 million were sold.
By the end of the year the value of all shares had dropped by $40,000 million. Thousands of people were ruined. Some committed suicide. This was what the policemen thought that the window cleaner was doing.
This collapse of American share prices was known as the Wall Street Crash. It marked the end of the prosperity of the 1920s.
“What has gone wrong?” people asked. Some blamed the blindness of politicians, others the greed of investors and stockbrokers. But the most important course of the Wall Street Crash was that too few Americans were earning enough money to buy the goods that they themselves were producing.
The Crash made people uncertain about the future. Many decided to save any money they had instead of spending it on such things as new cars and radios. American factories were already making more goods than they could sell. Now they had even fewer customers.
By the end of 1921 nearly 8,000 million Americans were out of work. Many were soon without homes or food and had to live on charity. Millions spent hours in “breadlines”. Here they received free pieces of bread or bowls of soup, paid by the money collected from those who could afford it.
The Depression was easiest to see in towns, with their silent factories, closed shops and slowly moving breadlines. But it brought ruin and despair to farmlands too. Farmers simply couldn’t sell their produce. With the number of people out of work rising day by day, their customers in the cities could no longer afford to buy. If anyone did buy, it was at the lowest possible prices.
Many farmers grew desperate. They took out shotguns and banded together to drive away men who came to throw them off their farms for not paying their debts.
They paraded the streets in angry processions.
They waved placards with words such as: “In Hoover we trusted, now we are busted.”
By 1932 people of every kind — factory workers, farmers, office workers, store keepers — were demanding that President Hoover take stronger action to deal with the Depression.
Time and again in the early 1930s Hoover told people that recovery from the Depression was “just round the corner.” But the factories remained closed. The breadlines grew longer. People became hungrier.
Then, Frankin D. Roosevelt came on the scene. Roosevelt was the Governor of the state of New York. Years earlier he was crippled by polio. But in 1932 the Democratic Party chose him to run against President Hoover in that year’s election for a new president.
All over the United States anxious men and women felt that here at last was a man who understood their troubles, who sympathized with them — and, most important of all, who sounded as if he would do something to help them.
On a cold grey Saturday in March 1933, Franklin D. Roosevelt took the oath as President of the United States. For a hundred days, from March 8 to June 16 he sent Congress a flood of proposals for the new laws. The American people had asked for action. In the “Hundred Days” Roosevelt gave it to them.

From An Illustrated History of the USA, by Bryn O’Callaghan, abridged.
Reprinted with kind permission of the Moscow Office of Addison Wesley Longman Ltd.

From Speak Out 2, 2001

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