Literary colloquial style кратко

Обновлено: 01.07.2024

4.5.1. Literary colloquial style

Standard pronunciation in compliance with the national norm, enunciation.

Phonetic compression of frequently used forms, e.g. it's, don't, I've.

Chapter 4. The Theory of Functional Styles

Omission of unaccented elements due to the quick tempo, e. g. yo_uknow him ?

Use of regular morphological features, with interception of evaluative suffixes e. g. deary, doggie, duckie.

Prevalence of active and finite verb forms.

Use of simple sentences with a number of participial and infinitive constructions and numerous parentheses.

Syntactically correct utterances compliant with the literary norm.

Use of various types of syntactical compression, simplicity of syntactical connection.

Use of grammar forms for emphatic purposes, e. g. progressive verb forms to express emotions of irritation, anger etc.

Decomposition and ellipsis of sentences in a dialogue (easily reconstructed from the context).

Use of special colloquial phrases, e.g. that friend of yours. Lexical features

Wide range of vocabulary strata in accordance with the register of communication and participants' roles: formal and informal, neutral and bookish, terms and foreign words.

4.5. Distinctive linguistic features of the major functional styles

Basic stock of communicative vocabulary—stylistically neutral.

Use of socially accepted contracted forms and abbreviations, e. g. fridge for refrigerator, ice for ice-cream, TV for television, CD for compact disk, etc.

Use of etiquette language and conversational formulas, such as nice to see you, my pleasure, on behalf of, etc.

Extensive use of intensifiers and gap-fillers, e. g. absolutely, definitely, awfully, kind of, so to speak, I mean, if I may say so.

Use of interjections and exclamations, e. g. Dear me, My God, Goodness, well, why, now, oh.

Extensive use of phrasal verbs let sb down, put up with, stand sb up.

Use of words of indefinite meaning like thing, stuff.

Avoidance of slang, vulgarisms, dialect words, jargon.

Use of phraseological expressions, idioms and figures of speech.

Can be used in written and spoken varieties: dialogue, monologue, personal letters, diaries, essays, articles, etc.

Prepared types of texts may have thought out and logical composition, to a certain extent determined by conventional forms (letters, Presentations, articles, interviews).

Spontaneous types have a loose structure, relative coherence and u niformity of form and content.

Morphological features. Regular morphological features, with interception of evaluative suffixes e. g. doggie, duckie. Prevalence of active and finite verb forms.

Lexical features. Wide range of vocabulary strata in accordance with the register of communication and participants' roles: formal and informal, neutral and bookish, terms and foreign words. Basic stylistically neutral stock of communicative vocabulary.

Use of socially accepted contracted forms and abbreviations, e.g. fridge for refrigerator, ice for ice-cream, TV for television, CD for compact disk, etc.; of etiquette language and conversational formulas, such as nice to see you, my pleasure, on behalf of, etc.; of interjections and exclamations, e. g. Dear me, My God, Goodness, well, why, now, oh; of indefinite meaning like thing, stuff; of phraseological expressions, idioms and figures of speech.

Extensive use of intensifiers and gap-fillers, e.g. absolutely, definitely, awfully, kind of, so to speak, I mean, if I may say so; of phrasal verbs let smb down, put up with, stand smb up.

Avoidance of slang, vulgarisms, dialect words, jargon.

Syntactical features. Simple sentences with a number of participial and infinitive constructions and numerous parentheses; syntactically correct utterances compliant with the literary norm; various types of syntactical compression, simplicity of syntactical connection; grammar forms for emphatic purposes, e. g. progressive verb forms to express emotions of irritation, anger etc.

Decomposition and ellipsis of sentences in a dialogue (easily reconstructed from the context).

Use of special colloquial phrases, e. g. that friend of yours.

Compositional features. Can be used in written and spoken varieties: dialogue, monologue, personal letters, diaries, essays, articles, etc.

Prepared types of texts may have thought out and logical composition, to a certain extent determined by conventional forms (letters, presentations, articles, interviews).

Spontaneous types have a loose structure, relative coherence and uniformity of form and content.

b) Familiar colloquial style (represented in spoken variety).

Phonetic features. Casual and often careless pronunciation, use of deviant forms, e. g. gonna= going to, whatcha = what do you, dunno = don't know.

Use of reduced and contracted forms, e.g. you're, they've, I'd.

Omission of unaccented elements due to quick tempo, e. g. you hear me?

Emphasis on intonation as a powerful semantic and stylistic instrument capable to render subtle nuances of thought and feeling.

Use of onomatopoeic words, e.g. whoosh, hush, yodeling, yum, yak.

Morphological features. Use of evaluative suffixes, nonce words formed on morphological and phonetic analogy with other nominal words: e.g. baldish, mawkish, moody, hanky-panky, helter-skelter, plates of meet (feet).

Lexical features. Combination of neutral, familiar and low colloquial vocabulary, including slang, vulgar and taboo words.

Extensive use of words of genetfl meaning, specified in meaning by the situation guy, job, get, do, fix, affair.

Limited vocabulary resources, use of the same word in different meanings it may not possess, e-g- 'some' meaning good: some guy! some game! 'nice' meaning impressive, fascinating, high quality: nice music.

Abundance of specific colloquial interjections: boy, wow, hey, there.

Use of hyperbole, epithets, evaluative vocabulary, trite metaphors and simile,e.g. if you say it once more I'll kill you, as old as the hills, horrid, awesome, etc.

Tautological substitution of personal pronouns and names by other nouns, e.g. you-baby, Johnny-boy.

Mixture of curse words and euphemisms, e.g. damn, dash, darned, shoot.

Extensive use of collocations and phrasal verbs instead of neutral and literary equivalents: e. g. to turn in instead of to go to bed.

Syntactical features. Use of simple short sentences, echo questions, parallel structures, repetitions of various kinds.

Dialogues are usually of the question-answer type.

In complex sentences asyndetic coordination is the norm.

Coordination is used more often than subordination, repeated use of conjunction and is a sign of spontaneity rather than an expressive device.

Extensive use of ellipsis, including the subject of the sentence, e. g. Can't say anything; syntactic tautology, e. g. That girl, she was something else!

Abundance of gap-fillers and parenthetical elements, such as sure, indeed, to be more exact, okay, veil.

Compositional features. Use of deviant language on all levels, strong emotional colouring, loose syntactical organization of an utterance, frequently little coherence or adherence to the topic. No special compositional patterns.

Each style, according to Morokhovsky has a combination of distinctive features. Among them we find oppositions like 'artistic - non-artistic', 'presence of personality - absence of it', 'formal - informal situation', 'equal - unequal social status' (of the participants of communication), 'written or oral form'. Morokhovsky emphasizes that these five classes of what he calls "speech activity" are abstractions rather than realities, they can seldom be observed in their pure forms: mixing styles is the common practice.

On the whole Morokhovsky's concept is one of the few that attempt to differentiate and arrange the taxonomy of cardinal linguistic notions. According to Morokhovsky's approach language as a system includes types of thinking differentiating poetic and straightforward language, oral and written speech, and ultimately, bookish and colloquial functional types of language. The next problem is stylistics of 'speech activity' connected with social stereotypes of speech behaviour. Morokhovsky defines this in the following way: "Stereotypes of speech behaviour or functional styles of speech activity are norms for wide classes of texts or utterances, in which general social roles are embodied - poet, journalist, manager, politician, scholar, teacher, father, mother, etc." (15, p. 234).

The number of stereotypes (functional styles) is not unlimited but great enough. For example, texts in official business style may be administrative, juridical, military, commercial, diplomatic, etc. Still further differentiation deals with a division of texts into genres. Thus military texts (official style) comprise 'commands, reports, regulations, manuals, instructions'; diplomatic documents include 'notes, declarations, agreements, treaties', etc. In addition to all this we may speak of 'the individual style' with regard to any kind of text.

In the same year (1984) V. A. Maltzev published a smaller book on stylistics entitled "Essays on English Stylistics" in Minsk.

His theory is based on the broad division of lingual material into "informal" and "formal" varieties and adherence to Skrebnev's system of functional styles.

Prof. Skrebnevuses the term sublanguages in the meaning that is usually attributed to functional styles. The major difference in his use of this term is that he considers innumerable situational communicative

products as sublanguages, including each speaker's idiolect. Each act of speech is a sublanguage. This makes the notion of functional style somewhat vague and difficult to define. At the same time Skrebnev recognizes the major opposition of 'formal' and 'informal' sphere of language use and suggests "a very rough and approximate gradation of subspheres and their respective sublanguages" (47, p. 200).

The formal sublanguages in Skrebnev's opinion belong exclusively to the written variety of lingual intercourse. He avoids the claim of inconsistency for including certain types of speeches into this sphere by arguing that texts of some of the types can be read aloud in public.

His rough subdivision of formal styles includes:

a) private correspondence with a stranger;

b) business correspondence between representatives of commercial or other establishments;

c) diplomatic correspondence, international treaties;

d) legal documents (civil law - testaments, settlements; criminal law - verdicts, sentences);

e) personal documents (certificates, diplomas, etc.).

The informal colloquial sphere includes ah types of colloquial language - literary, non-literary, vulgar, ungrammatical, social dialects, the vernacular of the underworld, etc. This cannot be inventoried because of its unlimited varieties.

Of course formal and informal spheres do not exist in severely separated worlds.

The user of the first speech type is fully aware of his social responsibility. He knows the requirements he has to meet and the conventions he

must observe. But the same person may change his lingual behaviour with the change of the environment or situation. Sometimes he is forced to abide by laws that are very different from those he regularly uses: speaking with children, making a speech before parliament or during an electoral campaign.

The first type of speech - 'formal' - comprises the varieties that are used in spheres of official communication, science, technology, poetry and fiction, newspaper texts, oratory, etc. It's obvious that many of these varieties can be further subdivided into smaller classes or sublanguages. For example, in the sphere of science and technology almost each science has a metalanguage of its own. The language of computer technology, e. g., is not so limited to the technological sphere as at the time of its beginnings - 'to be computer-friendly' has given rise to many other coinages like 'media-friendly', 'market-friendly', 'envhonmentally friendly', etc.

In the informal type of speech we sh n't find so many varieties as in the formal one, but it is used by a much greater number of people. The first and most important informal variety is colloquial style. This is the language used by educated people in informal situations. These people may resort to jargon or slang or even vulgar language to express their negative attitude to somebody or something.

Uneducated people speak "popular" or ungrammatical language, be it English or Russian.

There is also a problem of dialects that would require special consideration that cannot be done within this course. Dialects are not really "ungrammatical" types of a national language, some scholars hold, but a different language with its own laws. However

it may have been true in the last century but not now. And what Skrebnev writes on this problem seems to be argumentative enough.

"Dialects are current in the countryside; cities are nearly untouched by them. In the 19th century England some of the aristocracy were not ashamed of using their local dialects. Nowadays owing to the sound media (radio, cinema and TV) non-standard English in Britain is nearly, as in this country, a sure sign of cultural inferiority, e. g. the status of Соскnеу." (47, p. 198).

In his classification of functional styles of modern English that he calls language varieties the famous British linguist D. Crystal suggests the following subdivision of these styles: regional, social, occupational, restricted and individual. (33, 34)

Regional varietiesof English reflect the geographical origin of the language used by the speaker: Lancashire variety, Canadian English, Cockney, etc.

Social variationstestify to the speaker's family, education, social status background: upper class and non-upper class, a political activist, a member of the proletariat, a Times reader, etc.

Occupational stylespresent quite a big group that includes the following types:

a) religious English;

b) scientific English;

c) legal English;

d) plain (official) English;

e) political English;

f) news media English further subdivided into:

Restricted Englishincludes very tightly constrained uses of language when little or no linguistic variation is permitted. In these cases special rules are created by man to be consciously learned and used. These rules control everything that can be said. According to Crystal restricted varieties appear both in domestic and occupational spheres and include the following types:

a) knitwrite in books on knitting;

b) cookwrite in recipe books;

c) congratulatory messages;

d) newspaper announcements;

e) newspaper headlines;

f) sportscasting scores;

g) airspeak, the language of air traffic control;

h) emergencyspeak, the language for the emergency services;

i) e-mail variety, etc.

Individual variationinvolves types of speech that arise from the speaker's personal differences meaning such features as physique, interests, personality, experience and so on. A particular blend of

social and geographical backgrounds may produce a distinctive accent or dialect. Educational history, occupational experience, personal skills and tastes, hobbies or literary preferences will foster the use of habitual words and turns of phrase, or certain kinds of grammatical construction.

Also noticeable will be favourite discourse practices - -a tendency to develop points in an argument in a certain way, or an inclination for certain kinds of metaphor. Some people are 'good conversationalists', 'good story-tellers', 'good letter-writers', 'good speech-makers'. What actually makes them so is the subject of stylistic research.

There are also a number of cases where individuality in the use of English - a personal style - is considered to be a matter of particular importance and worthy of study in its own right. Such is the study of the individual style of a writer or poet: Shakespeare's style, Faulkner's style, and the like.

Publicist style.

Literary colloquial style.

Familiar colloquial style.

In the same year (1984) V. A. Maltzev published a smaller book on stylistics entitled "Essays on English Stylistics" in Minsk.

His theory is based on the broad division of lingual material into "informal" and "formal" varieties and adherence to Skrebnev's system of functional styles.

His rough subdivision of formal styles includes:

a) private correspondence with a stranger;

b) business correspondence between representatives of commercial or other establishments;

c) diplomatic correspondence, international treaties;

d) legal documents (civil law - testaments, settlements; criminal law - verdicts, sentences);

e) personal documents (certificates, diplomas, etc.).

Of course formal and informal spheres do not exist in severely separated worlds.

The user of the first speech type is fully aware of his social responsibility. He knows the requirements he has to meet and the conventions he

Uneducated people speak "popular" or ungrammatical language, be it English or Russian.

it may have been true in the last century but not now. And what Skrebnev writes on this problem seems to be argumentative enough.

Regional varietiesof English reflect the geographical origin of the language used by the speaker: Lancashire variety, Canadian English, Cockney, etc.

Social variationstestify to the speaker's family, education, social status background: upper class and non-upper class, a political activist, a member of the proletariat, a Times reader, etc.

Occupational stylespresent quite a big group that includes the following types:

a) religious English;

b) scientific English;

c) legal English;

d) plain (official) English;

e) political English;

f) news media English further subdivided into:

a) knitwrite in books on knitting;

b) cookwrite in recipe books;

c) congratulatory messages;

d) newspaper announcements;

e) newspaper headlines;

f) sportscasting scores;

g) airspeak, the language of air traffic control;

h) emergencyspeak, the language for the emergency services;

i) e-mail variety, etc.

Individual variationinvolves types of speech that arise from the speaker's personal differences meaning such features as physique, interests, personality, experience and so on. A particular blend of

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Папиллярные узоры пальцев рук - маркер спортивных способностей: дерматоглифические признаки формируются на 3-5 месяце беременности, не изменяются в течение жизни.

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1. Literary Colloquial Style: a) use of simple sentences with a number of participial and infinitive constructions and numerous parentheses, b) use of various types of syntactical compression, simplicity of syntactical connection, c) prevalence of active and finite verb forms, d) use of grammar forms for emphatic purposes (progressive verb forms to express emotions of irritation, anger), e) decomposition and ellipsis of sentence in a dialogue, f) use of special colloquial phrases (that friend of yours).

2.Familiar Colloquial Style: a) use of short simple sentences, b) dialogues are usually of the question-answer type, c) use of echo-questions, parallel constructions, repetitions, d) coordination is used more often than subordination, e) extensive use of ellipsis, f) extensive use of tautology, g) abundance of gap-fillers and parenthetical elements (sure indeed, well).

3. Publicist style: a)frequent use ofrhetorical questions and interrogatives in oratory speech, b) in headlines (use of impersonal sentences, elliptical constructions, interrogative sentences), c) in news items and articles (news items comprise one or two, rarely three, sentences), d) absence of complex coordination with chain of subordinate clauses and a number of conjunctions, e) prepositional phrases are used much ore than synonymous gerundial phrases, f) absence of exclamatory sentences, break-in-the narrative

4. Style of Official Documents: a)use of long sentences with several types of coordination and subordination, b) use of passive and participial constructions, numerous connectives, c) use of objects, attributes and all sorts of modifiers, d) extensive use of detached constructions and parenthesis, e) use of participle I and II, f) a general syntactical mode of combining several pronouncements into one sentence.

5. Scientific Style: a)complete and standard syntactical mode of expression, b) direct word order, c) use of lengthy sentences with subordinate clauses, d) extensive use of participial, gerundial and infinitive complexes, e) extensive use of adverbial and prepositional phrases, f) frequent use of parenthesis introduced by a dash, g) abundance of attributive groups with a descriptive function, h) avoidances of ellipsis, i) frequent use of passive and non-finite verb forms, j) use of impersonal forms and sentences such as mention should be, assuming that.

Compositional

1. Literary Colloquial Style: a)can be used in written and spoken varieties (dialogue, monologue, personal letters, essays, articles), b) prepared types of texts may have thought out and logical composition, to a certain extent determined by conventional forms, c) spontaneous types have a loose structure, relative coherence and uniformity of form and content.

2.Familiar Colloquial Style: a)use of deviant language on all levels, b)strong emotional coloring, c) loose syntactical organization of an utterance, d)frequently little coherence or adherence to the topic, e) no special compositional patterns.

3. Publicist style: a)carefully selected vocabulary, b) variety of topics, c) wide use of quotations, direct speech and represented speech, d) use of parallel constructions, e) in oratory (simplicity of structural expression), f) in headlines (use of devices to arrest attention: pun, puzzle etc), g) in news items (strict arrangement of titles and subtitles), h) careful division on paragraph.

4. Style of Official Documents: a) special compositional design (coded graphical layout, clear-cut subdivision of texts into units of formation), b) conventional composition of treaties, agreements, protocols, c) use of stereotyped, official phraseology, d) accurate use of punctuation, e) generally objective, concrete, unemotional and impersonal style of narration

5. Scientific Style: a)highly formalized text with the prevalence of formulae, tables etc, b) in humanitarian texts: descriptive narration, supplied with argumentation and interpretation, c) logical and consistent narration, sequential presentation of material and facts, d) extensive use of citations, e) extensive use of EM and SD, f) extensive use of conventional set phrases at certain points to emphasize the logical character of the narration, g) use of digressions to debate or support a certain point, h) introduction, chapters, paragraph, conclusion, i) extensive use of double conjunctions like as…as, either…or, both…and, etc, j)compositionally arranged sentence patterns: postulatory (at the beginning), argumentative (in the central part), formulative (in the conclusion)

The classification of syntactical stylistic devices by prof.Screbnev (the general survey)

Paradigmatic syntax has to do with the sentence paradigm: completeness of sentence structure (1), communicative types of sentences (2), word order (3), and type of syntactical connection (4). Paradigmatic syntactical means of expression arranged according to these four types include:

(1): ellipsis, aposiopesis, one-member nominative sentences, redundancy: repetition of sentence parts, syntactic tautology (prolepsis), polysyndeton.

(2): inversion of sentence members

(3): quasi-affirmative sentences, quasi-interrogative sentences, quasi-negative sentences, quasi-imperative sentences

(4): detachment, parenthetic elements, asyndetic subordination and coordination.

Syntactical stylistic devices with missing elements

Syntactical SD:

Syntactical SD with missing elements

Syntactical SD with redundant elements

Inversion

Syntactical

Compositional

The classification of syntactical stylistic devices by prof.Screbnev (the general survey)

(1): ellipsis, aposiopesis, one-member nominative sentences, redundancy: repetition of sentence parts, syntactic tautology (prolepsis), polysyndeton.

(2): inversion of sentence members

(3): quasi-affirmative sentences, quasi-interrogative sentences, quasi-negative sentences, quasi-imperative sentences

(4): detachment, parenthetic elements, asyndetic subordination and coordination.

a) Standard pronunciation in compliance (in accordance) with the national norm, enunciation (хорошая дикция).

b) Phonetic compression of frequently used forms, e.g. it’s, don’t, I’ve.

c) Omission of unaccented elements due to the quick tempo, e.g. you know him?

Morphological features: Use of regular morphological features, e. g. evaluative suffixes deary, doggie, duckie.

Syntactical features:

a) Use of simple sentences with a number of participial and infinitive constructions and numerous parentheses.

b) Syntactically correct utterances compliant with the literary norm

c) Use of various types of syntactical compression, simplicity of syntactical connection.

d) Prevalence of active and finite verb forms.

e) Use of grammar forms for emphatic purposes, e. g. progressive verb forms to express emotions of irritation, anger etc.

f) Decomposition and ellipsis of sentences in a dialogue (easily reconstructed from the context).

g) Use of special colloquial phrases, e. g. that friend of yours.

Lexical features:

a) Wide range of vocabulary in accordance with the register of communication and participants’ roles: formal and informal, neutral and bookish, terms and foreign words.

b) Basic stock of communicative vocabulary – stylistically neutral.

c) Use of socially accepted contracted forms and abbreviations, e. g. fridge for refrigerator, ice for ice-cream, TV for television, CD for compact disk, etc.

d) Use of etiquette language and conversational formulas, such as nice to see you, my pleasure, on behalf of, etc.

e) Extensive use of intensifies and gap-fillers, e.g. absolutely, definitely, awfully, kind of, so to speak, I mean, if I may say so.

f)Use of interjections and exclamations, e. g. Dear me, My God, Goodness, well, why, now, oh.

g) Extensive use of phrasal verbs let sb down, put up with, stand sb up (to betray, to let sb down).

h) Use of words of indefinite meaning like thing, stuff.

i)Avoidance of slang, vulgarisms, dialect words, jargon.

j) Use of phraseological expressions, idioms and figures of speech.

Compositional features:

a) Can be used in written and spoken varieties: dialogue, monologue, personal letters, diaries, essays, articles, etc.

b) Prepared types of texts may have logical composition, determined by conventional forms (letters, presentations, articles, interviews).

c) Spontaneous types have a loose structure, relative coherence and uniformity of form and content.

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