What is engineering сообщение
Обновлено: 30.06.2024
- Для учеников 1-11 классов и дошкольников
- Бесплатные сертификаты учителям и участникам
Engineering profession.
Engineering is one of the most ancient occupations in the history. The skills included into its broad field have led our civilization to the high level development at present days.
Engineering is often defined as making practical application of theoretical sciences such as physics and mathematics. Thus the work of engineer requires the analytical cast of mind and imagination. His main functions are designing, developing and testing products. At present the engineer may deal with the automation processes, so he can work in the designing office, in the lab and in the production field of engineering.
Mechanical engineering is one of its main divisions, which deals with the design, construction and operation of machines and devices of all kinds. Among these machines are prime movers such as engines and turbines, operating pumping machines and other hydraulic apparatus; air conditioning, refrigerating equipment and what not.
As for civil engineering its quality influences greatly industry, health, agriculture, commerce and communication. Civil engineers are people with vision, able to comprehend the forces and processes of nature and use them for the future well- being of mankind.
A rapidly changing world demands the design competence which should be situated within knowledge of current issues, such as urban problems, the new environment of computer aided design, the Internet and the application of new materials and technology. The work of the architectural technologist bridges this gap between design theory and construction practice. Modern day architects are well qualified professionals with practical and creative skills who can analyze construction problems and find attractive, prolific solutions.
In 21 century the people of engineering professions have at the command new sources of power. They are to work hard for developing different industrial branches and thus making a great contribution to the progress of our society.
Engineering, much like other science, is a broad discipline which is often divided into several sub-disciplines. These disciplines concern themselves with differing areas of engineering work. Although initially an engineer will usually be trained in a specific discipline, throughout an engineer's career the engineer may become multi-disciplined, having worked in several of the outlined areas. Engineering is often characterized as having four main branches:
Chemical engineering – The exploitation of chemical principles in order to carry out large scale chemical process, as well as designing new specialty materials and fuels.
Civil engineering – The design and construction of public and private works, such as infrastructure (roads, railways, water supply and treatment etc.), bridges and buildings.
Electrical engineering – a very broad area that may encompass the design and study of various electrical and electronic systems, such as electrical circuits, generators, motors, electromagnetic/electromechanical devices, electronic devices, electronic circuits, optical fibers, optoelectronic devices, computer systems, telecommunications and electronics.
Mechanical engineering – The design of physical or mechanical systems, such as power and energy systems, aerospace/aircraft products, weapon systems, transportation products engines, compressors, kinematic chains, vacuum technology, and vibration isolation equipment.
Historically, naval engineering and mining engineering were major branches. New specialties sometimes combine with the traditional fields and form new branches.
In Political science the term engineering has been borrowed for the study of the subjects of Social engineering and Political engineering, which deal with forming political and social structures using engineering methodology coupled with political science principles. Financial engineering has similarly borrowed the term.
Раздел 1. Чтение
Задание 1. Прочитайте и переведите текст письменно.
Задание 2. Найдите эквиваленты для данных слов.
| 1. infrastructure 2. fuel 3. exploitation 4. branch 5. equipment 6. weapon 7. optical fiber 8. naval 9. electronic circuits 10. construction | a. оружие b. подразделение c. оборудование d. военно-морской e. оптическое волокно f. использование, эксплуатация g. электрические цепи h. топливо i. сооружение j. инфраструктура |
Задание 3. Заполните пропуски подходящими словами.
| discipline, civil, mechanical, encompass, branches |
1. Engineering, much like other science, is a broad … .
2. There are several … of engineering.
3. Electrical engineering is a very broad area that may … the design and study of various electrical and electronic systems.
4. … engineering is the design of physical or mechanical systems.
5. … engineering is the design and construction of public and private works.
Задание 4. Заполните пропуски словами из второй колонки, преобразовав их лексически и грамматически.
| ПРИМЕР: There are connections between engineering and art. | connect |
| 1) Among … historical figures Leonardo Da Vinci is a well known Renaissance engineer. | fame |
| 2) He was also a prime …of the connection between art and engineering. | exemplify |
| 3) Some engineering disciplines view the human body as a … machine worth studying. | biology |
| 4) Civil engineering is the design and … of public and private works. | construct |
| 5) Historically, naval engineering and mining engineering were the most … branches. | importance |
Задание 5. Составьте к тексту пять вопросов разных типов.
Раздел 2. Грамматика
Задание 1. Перепишите предложения, раскрывая скобки, ставя глаголы в нужную временную форму Present Perfect или Past Perfect.
1. In Political science the term engineering (to be borrowed) for the study of the subjects of Social engineering and Political engineering.
2. She thought I (to read) her book.
3. When it started raining, they already (to leave) the house.
4. Among the philosophies that (to influence) modern architects and their approach to building design are rationalism, empiricism, structuralism, post structuralism, and phenomenology.
5. I (to leave) before you (to come).
Задание 2. Вставьте подходящие по смыслу предлоги.
1. Engineering is a broad discipline which is often divided … several sub-disciplines.
2. Engineer is usually trained … a specific discipline.
3. … an engineer's career the engineer may become multi-disciplined, having worked … several areas.
4. In Political science the term engineering has been borrowed … the study of the subjects of Social engineering and Political engineering
5. Social engineering and Political engineering deal … forming political and social structures using engineering methodology coupled with political science principles.
Задание 3. Вставьте подходящие по смыслу местоимения some, any, no или производные от них.
1. Do you know … outstanding American engineer?
2. I have … doubts choosing my carrier.
3. There is … I can not understand in this theory.
4. There are … products that cannot be advertised on television.
5. I don’t think there is … wrong with the processor.
Раздел 3. Устная речь
Задание 1. Ответьте на вопросы (на английском языке).
1) What is civil engineering?
2) What are the main branches of engineering?
3) What is chemical engineering?
4) What does the word multi-disciplined mean?
5) What is mechanical engineering?
Приведённый ознакомительный фрагмент книги Английский язык предоставлен нашим книжным партнёром — компанией ЛитРес.
Engineering is putting knowledge of Nature to practical use. The final product of engineering is some physical thing: a machine, a tool, a garget. Engineering is solving problems. It is convenient to discuss engineering projects within the framework of five steps for solving problems
• Will you restore the logical order of these steps?
A good engineer first… second… next… then… and last…
a) defines the problem; b) verifies the solution; c) identifies possible solutions; d) implements the solution; e) selects a solution..
• Can you prove the following ideas? Will you say a few words in favour of each?
— It is important for an engineer to have a creative mind and to generate new ideas.
— It is obligatory to consult the scientific literature available on the problem under study.
— It is not recommended to trust the intuition.
— It is desirable for an engineer to enjoy the whole life cycle of the product designed by him.
— It is useful to have a feedback between an engineer and a customer.
engineering — инженерное дело, техника
final product — конечный продукт
to solve a problem — решить проблему
creative mind — творческий ум
desirable — желательный, заданный
feedback — обратная связь
Answer the questions.
1. What is engineering?
2. What is the final product?
3. Is it important to consult scientific literature?
4. Do you trust your intuition?
In his activities man makes use of a multitude of machines. Although most of them are of quite recent origin, a few simple ones are considered to have come from very ancient times. There were a lot of prehistoric implements, the bow and the arrow being the most ancient. They were his tools in his struggle for existence.
The wheel, one of the greatest inventions ever made by man is also of prehistoric origin. The inclined plane and its use have also been known. It was doubtless by its use that Egyptian slaves lifted the huge stones that went into the construction of the great pyramids.
The lever is probably of equally ancient origin. It is mentioned by the Greek Philosopher Aristotle as a means of lifting a great weight by using a very small force.
Tremendous changes in machine development were made in the 20 th century. Now we use not only powerful devices, precise instruments, but also ―clever machines.‖
multitude — множество, огромное количество
bow and arrow — лук и стрела
to be of recent origin — быть недавнего происхождения
implement — орудие, приспособление
inclined plane — наклонная плоскость
slave — раб lever — рычаг
powerful device — мощное устройство
Answer the questions.
1. What implements have come from ancient times?
2. What role did the inclined plane play?
3. What can you say about machine development in the 20th century?
4. What"clever machines"do you know?
5. What were these machines used for?
The internal combustion engine is an engine in which the combustion of a fuel (normally a fossil fuel) occurs with an oxidizer (usually air) in a combustion chamber that is an integral part of the working fluid flow circuit. In an internal combustion engine (ICE) the expansion of the high-temperature and high-pressure gases produced by combustion apply direct force to some component of the engine. The force is applied typically to pistons, turbine blades, or a nozzle. This force moves the component over a distance, transforming chemical energy into useful mechanical energy. The first commercially successful internal combustion engine was created by Étienne Lenoir
The cycle is characterized by four strokes, or straight movements alternately, back and forth, of a piston inside a cylinder:
1. intake (induction) stroke
2. compression stroke
3. power (combustion) stroke
4. exhaust stroke
1) The cycle begins at top dead center, when the piston is at its uppermost point. On the first downward stroke (intake) of the piston, a mixture of fuel and air is drawn into the cylinder through the intake (inlet) port.
2) The intake (inlet) valve (or valves) then close(s), and the following upward stroke (compression) compresses the fuel-air mixture.
3) The air-fuel mixture is then ignited, usually by a spark plug for a gasoline or by the heat and pressure of compression for a Diesel cycle of compression ignition engine, at approximately the top of the compression stroke.
4) The resulting expansion of burning gases then forces the piston downward for the third stroke (power), and the fourth and final upward stroke (exhaust) evacuates the spent exhaust gases from the cylinder past the then-open exhaust valve or valves, through the exhaust port.
internal combustion engine — двигатель внутреннего сгорания
to occur — происходить
nozzle — форсунка, наконечник, выпускное отверстие
stroke — ход, такт
intake — всасывание compression — сжатие
to ignite — воспламенять(ся) зажигать
spark plug — запальная свеча
downward (upward) — движение вниз (вверх)
exhaust gases — отработанные (выхлопные) газы
Answer the questions.
1. What is internal combustion engine?
2. What process produces force in the engine?
3. Who created the first ICE?
4. What are the main strokes in the ICE?
5. Can you describe them?
One of mankind s earliest and greatest inventions was the wheel. Without it there could be no industry, little transportation or communications, only crude farming, no electric power. Nobody knows when the wheel was invented. There is no trace of the wheel during the Stone Age, and it was not known to the American Indians until the White Man came. In the Old World it came into use during the Bronze Age, when horses and oxen were used as work animals.
At first all wheels were solid discs. The problem to be solved was to make the wheels lighter and at the same time keep them strong. At first holes were made in the wheels, and they became some with iron and then with rubber.
to come into use — найти свое применение
Bronze Age — Бронзовый Век
solid — прочный, твердый
Answer the questions.
1. What was one of the greatest world's inventions?
2. When was the wheel invented?
3. What was the problem to be solved with the wheels?
4. What was the wheel covered with?
Isaac Newton is generally regarded as one of the greatest and most famous scientists in history. Newton was an astronomer, physicist, mathematic and philosopher who is known for theorizing and reporting on gravitational force and three laws of motion.
Isaac Newton discovered that white light is made up of a spectrum of colours, that when blender together produce the white light. He showed by use of a prism that white light can be split into a spectrum of colours and then used a second prism to show this spectrum can then be rejoined to produce white light. Newton also theorized that light was composed of particles but had to associate the property of light with waves in order to explain refraction of light.
В наше время в сети интернет появляется (создается, вводится в обращение и прочее) множество непонятных терминов, понятий технического (или тематического) сленга. Пользователь порою теряется в этом лесу, скажем так, технических нововведений.
Знать всего, конечно, невозможно… но, по мере возможного же, нужно поддерживать и увеличивать объем личных знаний, чтобы при случае беседы на неком тематическом форуме не попасть в неловкое положение!
В статье постараюсь подробнейшим образом (простыми и доступными словами) пояснить, что означает понятие Инжиниринг в различных отраслях; рассмотрим ближе историю происхождения слова и пр.
Понятие инжиниринг это:
- Возникновение понятия инжиниринг, что означает термин
- что значит современное понятие термина инжиниринг
- понятие инжиниринг в современности
- комплексный инжиниринг это:
- строительный инжиниринг это
- финансовый инжиниринг
- промышленный инжиниринг
- основные различия между инжинирингом и проектированием
- общее в инжиниринге:
- инжиниринг как профессия
Возникновение понятия инжиниринг, что означает термин
Кому-то может показаться странным, а именно хулителям интернета, тем, которые ставят сеть в вину того, что посредством инета смешиваются и коверкаются академические языки, ОДНАКО, понятие инжиниринг, в общем-то, своим происхождением никак не связано с появлением индустрии интернета!
Возник сей термин в Англии во второй половине XIX века. В те далекие времена, как многие понят из истории, литературы Британия была самой передовой в научном и техническом смысле страной. А раз так, то и услуги всевозможных инженеров (попросту — Кулибиных /изобретателей/) были чрезвычайно востребованы.
Как гласит закон экономики: спрос породил предложения — инженеры в частном порядке, а потом и объединениями стали продавать свои услуги производственникам. Создание новых фабрик и заводов, а также техническая модернизация уже имеющихся мощностей требовала не только финансовых вкладов инвесторов, но и инженерных ЗНАНИЙ.
На заре появления понятия (или термина) инжиниринг обозначало предоставление тех или иных услуг по строительству, реконструкции, переоснащению эксплуатационной части промышленных объектов.
Понятие инжиниринг (от англ. engineering — технический; от лат. ingenium — изобретательность, выдумка, знания сила). В нынешнем понимании можно обозначить термин инжиниринг так:
предоставляемые технические консультационные услуги, связанные с разработкой и тщательной подготовкой производственного процесса — обеспечением нормального и стабильного хода процесса производства, реализации продукции.
вернуться к оглавлению ↑
что значит современное понятие термина инжиниринг
К 80-м годам XX века на мировом уровне (рынке) возникла естественная потребность в систематизации и унификации инжиниринговых услуг. Ввиду этого Европейская экономическая комиссия (при ООН) разработала всевозможную нормативную правовую документацию, касающуюся инжиниринговых услуг разных отраслей.
Читайте также: