Сообщение на тему кредиты на английском

Обновлено: 02.07.2024

What am I going to do after school or university? Maybe I should consider a job in the world of banking. There's a surprisingly wide range to choose from — for example, I could work for a high-street bank. Let us see what's what and who's who. If to take the roof off a high-street bank, one can reveal that lots of people work behind the scenes in banks. There's the clerical staff (sometimes called bank clerks), and their job includes sorting cheques, making sure that each customer receives a statement of his/ her account each month, keeping detailed up-to-date records of all bank's business.
The Enquiries, Desk. This is where you go if you need advice about the bank's services.
The Manager. This is the person in charge of the bank. She or he: (a) gives customers advice about their finances, (b) makes sure that the bank and its staff are working properly.
The Small-Business Adviser. Banks provide a wide range of services to their customers. This includes advice for people with small businesses. "How do I start a business?" "How much money can I afford to borrow?" "How do I plan ahead to make my business successful?" These are questions like these, which the small-business adviser is there to answer.
The Bank's Computer System. Modem Banks keep all their financial data in computers. This makes it possible to check and provide information at the touch of button.
The Foreign Exchange Desk. This is where you go to buy or sell foreign currency.
The Vault. Money, important documents and valuable objects (e.g. paintings, jewellery) are kept here. Vaults have very thick walls and strong, steel doors with complex locks.
Video Camera. Security is vital in banks. That's why many of them use video cameras these days. They can't stop robberies, but can film the robbers.
The Cash Dispenser Machine. You need money but the bank's closed? No problem — use the cash dispenser machine. All you have to do is: (a) put your cash-card into the machine, (b) tap in your personal identification number and the amount of money you want. A few seconds later the money appears. Thanks to machines like these, many banks are now open 24 hours a day.
The Night-Safe. Shopkeepers and business people often can't get to the bank until it's closed. What do they do with money they've earned that day? They put in the night-safe — a strong metal box in the wall of the bank, which can be unlocked with a special key.
So, money is an important part of everyday life. These days, money is hi-tech (modern, well-designed and sophisticated). We have notes and coins, which are specially made. We use credit cards. Banks and stock-exchanges can move millions at a touch of a button.
So, money is universal — but why? The answer is very simple. Without it trade would be impossible, and people in any society need to exchange goods in order to survive.

Банковское дело

1. What people work in a bank?
2. What does the job of the clerical staff involve?
3. What can you do at inquiries?
4. What does the manager do at the bank?
5. What questions does the small-business adviser answer?
6. Where can you buy or sell foreign currency?
7. Why is money universal?

cheque — чек
to be in charge of — отвечать
to borrow — брать взаймы,занимать
vault [vo:lt] — хранилище
security — безопасность
cash dispenser machine — машина по обналичиванию денег
to survive [sa'vaiv] — выживать.

A bank is a financial company that deals with money, securities and precious metals. If you need a certain amount of money, you can come to the bank and apply for a cash loan. After the bank approves your application, a contract is concluded between the client and the bank in which all conditions are stipulated. Loans are short-term or long-term, and are issued at a certain percentage. The client is given a schedule, according to which he must pay a fixed amount of money every month. This amount includes the loan itself, and the interest for using money. The client can also repay the loan in full with a one-time payment, thereby reducing the interest rate. Banks give their customers plastic cards, from which ATMs can always and everywhere withdraw the required amount. Plastic cards can also pay for any purchases or services. Banks can provide money not only to individuals, but also to huge companies, industries.

Also people in banks can store their savings. The bank not only protects other people's money, but also pays interest to its depositors for the right to use this money. When the depositor needs to withdraw the entire amount from his account, he comes to the bank and receives the money deposited.

For any bank it is very important to earn an excellent reputation and try to keep it. The quality of the bank's work will depend on the number of depositors and other customers wishing to avail themselves of banking services.

Without banks, any economy can not develop. Investors will remain without money, and will not be able to implement their projects. Such industries as engineering, agriculture, chemical industry, mining and forestry, will not be able to successfully develop and progress.

Банк - это финансовая компания, которая имеет дело с деньгами, ценными бумагами и драгоценным металлом. Если вам необходима определенная сумма денег, вы можете прийти в банк и подать заявку на выдачу денежного кредита, ссуды или заёма. После того, как банк одобряет вашу заявку, между клиентом и банком заключается договор в котором оговариваются все условия. Кредиты бывают краткосрочные или долгосрочные, и выдаются под определённый процент. Клиенту выдаётся график, согласно которому он каждый месяц должен выплачивать установленную сумму денег. Эта сумма включает в себя сам кредит, и процент за использование деньгами. Клиент также может погасить кредит полностью единовременной выплатой, тем самым снижая процентную ставку. Банки выдают свои клиентам пластиковые карты, с которых с помощью банкоматов можно всегда и везде снимать необходимую сумму. Пластиковыми картами также можно оплачивать любые покупки или услуги. Банки могут предоставлять деньги не только физическим лицам, но и огромным компаниям, производствам.

Также люди в банках могут хранить свои сбережения. Банк не только защищает чужие деньги, но и платит проценты своим вкладчикам за право пользования этими деньгами. Когда вкладчику потребуется снять со своего счёта полностью сумму, он приходит в банк и получает отданные на хранение деньги.

Для любого банка очень важно заработать превосходную репутацию и стараться ее сохранять. От качества работы банка будет зависеть число вкладчиков и других клиентов, желающими воспользоваться банковскими услугами.

Без банков любая экономика не сможет развиваться. Инвесторы останутся без денег, и не смогут реализовывать свои проекты. Такие отрасли как машиностроение, сельское хозяйство, химическая промышленность, горно-добывающая, лесная, не смогут успешно развиваться и прогрессировать.

Ранее мы говорили о словах - "обманках", которые по виду напоминают знакомые русские слова (как, например, слово sympathy), но в переводе означают совсем другое. Сегодня хотелось бы продолжить беседу другом таком слове - "credit", которое далеко не во всех случаях переводится как "кредит". Для начала мы разберемся в основных значениях английского слова credit, а затем рассмотрим, как лучше перевести слово "кредит" на английский язык.

"Credit" имеет несколько значений. Рассмотрим некоторые из них:

доверие, значение, уважение. That statement had credit - Высказывание было значимым/Этому высказыванию можно доверять. He deserved my credit. Он заслужил мое уважение/доверие.
"to give credit to somebody." - I need to give him credit for helping me out. Мне нужно отдать ему должное за помощь. Первое значение слова credit - это похвала или заслуга. В выражении give smb credit for something мы чаще всего переводим слово credit как должное.
"he is a credit to this company" - he is a source of pride and honor for this company. В этом значении credit используется в контексте "гордиться кем-либо". В нашей компании мы им гордимся .
"to get a credit for a class" - to get a passing grade in somebody's class. Здесь credit переводится как "сдавать зачет" или получить оценку за проделанную работу (в основном в отношении учебы).
"on credit" - buy something on credit. Это единственный случай, когда слово credit употребляется также, как и в русском (купить кредит). Тем не менее, слово "кредит" все же переводится по-другому.

Вот несколько вариантов перевода слова кредит:

a loan in the bank - ссуда в банке, кредит в банке. They took a loan in the bank to repair their house. Они взяли кредит в банке на ремонт своего дома. I need to pay off my school loan before I buy a house - Мне нужно расплатиться с кредитом по учебе, прежде чем покупать дом.
a mortgage - ссуда или кредит на покупку жилья, ипотека. We took a mortgage from the bank to buy this house.

Надеюсь, что сегодняшний урок был Вам полезен. Если у Вас есть вопросы, можете задавать их в комментариях.

Banking in the modern sense of the word can be traced to medieval and early Renaissance Italy, to the rich cities in the north like Florence, Venice and Genoa. The Bardi and Peruzzi families dominated banking in 14th century Florence, establishing branches in many other parts of Europe. Perhaps the most famous Italian bank was the Medici bank, set up by Giovanni Medici in 1397. The earliest known state deposit bank, Banco di San Giorgio (Bank of St. George), was founded in 1407 at Genoa, Italy.

Banks can be traced back to ancient times even before money when temples were used to store commodities. During the 3rd century AD, banks in Persia and other territories in the Persian Sassanid Empire issued letters of credit known as Ṣakks. Muslim traders are known to have used the cheque or ṣakk system since the time of Harun al-Rashid (9th century) of the Abbasid Caliphate. In the 9th century, a Muslim businessman could cash an early form of the cheque in China drawn on sources in Baghdad, a tradition that was significantly strengthened in the 13th and 14th centuries, during the Mongol Empire. Fragments found in the Cairo Geniza indicate that in the 12th century cheques remarkably similar to our own were in use, only smaller to save costs on the paper. They contain a sum to be paid and then the order "May so and so pay the bearer such and such an amount". The date and name of the issuer are also apparent.

Origin of the word

The word bank was borrowed in Middle English from Middle French banque, from Old Italian banca, from Old High German banc, bank "bench, counter". Benches were used as desks or exchange counters during the Renaissance by Florentine bankers, who used to make their transactions atop desks covered by green tablecloths

The earliest evidence of money-changing activity is depicted on a silver Greek drachm coin from ancient Hellenic colony Trapezus on the Black Sea, modern Trabzon, c. 350–325 BC, presented in the British Museum in London. The coin shows a banker's table (trapeza) laden with coins, a pun on the name of the city. In fact, even today in Modern Greek the word Trapeza (Τράπεζα) means both a table and a bank.

What is a bank?

According to Britannica, a bank is: an institution that deals in money and its substitutes and provides other financial services. Banks accept deposits and make loans and derive a profit from the difference in the interest rates paid and charged, respectively.

Banks are critical to our economy. The primary function of banks is to put their account holders' money to use by lending it out to others who can then use it to buy homes, businesses, send kids to college.

When you deposit your money in the bank, your money goes into a big pool of money along with everyone else's, and your account is credited with the amount of your deposit. When you write checks or make withdrawals, that amount is deducted from your account balance. Interest you earn on your balance is also added to your account.

Banks create money in the economy by making loans. The amount of money that banks can lend is directly affected by the reserve requirement set by the Federal Reserve. The reserve requirement is currently 3 percent to 10 percent of a bank's total deposits. This amount can be held either in cash on hand or in the bank's reserve account with the Fed. To see how this affects the economy, think about it like this. When a bank gets a deposit of $100, assuming a reserve requirement of 10 percent, the bank can then lend out $90. That $90 goes back into the economy, purchasing goods or services, and usually ends up deposited in another bank. That bank can then lend out $81 of that $90 deposit, and that $81 goes into the economy to purchase goods or services and ultimately is deposited into another bank that proceeds to lend out a percentage of it.

In this way, money grows and flows throughout the community in a much greater amount than physically exists. That $100 makes a much larger ripple in the economy than you may realize!

Why does it work?

Banking is all about trust. We trust that the bank will have our money for us when we go to get it. We trust that it will honor the checks we write to pay our bills. The thing that's hard to grasp is the fact that while people are putting money into the bank every day, the bank is lending that same money and more to other people every day. Banks consistently extend more credit than they have cash. That's a little scary; but if you go to the bank and demand your money, you'll get it. However, if everyone goes to the bank at the same time and demands their money (a run on the bank), there might be problem.

Even though the Federal Reserve Act requires that banks keep a certain percentage of their money in reserve, if everyone came to withdraw their money at the same time, there wouldn't be enough. In the event of a bank failure, your money is protected as long as the bank is insured by the Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation (FDIC). The key to the success of banking, however, still lies in the confidence that consumers have in the bank's ability to grow and protect their money. Because banks rely so heavily on consumer trust, and trust depends on the perception of integrity, the banking industry is highly regulated by the government.

Types of Banks

There are several types of banking institutions, and initially they were quite distinct. Commercial banks were originally set up to provide services for businesses. Now, most commercial banks offer accounts to everyone.

Savings banks, savings and loans, cooperative banks and credit unions are actually classified as thrift institutions. Each originally concentrated on meeting specific needs of people who were not covered by commercial banks. Savings banks were originally founded in order to provide a place for lower-income workers to save their money. Savings and loan associations and cooperative banks were established during the 1800s to make it possible for factory workers and other lower-income workers to buy homes. Credit unions were usually started by people who shared a common bond, like working at the same company (usually a factory) or living in the same community. The credit union's main function was to provide emergency loans for people who couldn't get loans from traditional lenders. These loans might be for things like medical costs or home repairs.

Now, even though there is still a differentiation between banks and thrifts, they offer many of the same services. Commercial banks can offer car loans, thrift institutions can make commercial loans, and credit unions offer mortgages!

How do banks make money?

Banks are just like other businesses. Their product just happens to be money. Other businesses sell widgets or services; banks sell money -- in the form of loans, certificates of deposit (CDs) and other financial products. They make money on the interest they charge on loans because that interest is higher than the interest they pay on depositors' accounts.

The interest rate a bank charges its borrowers depends on both the number of people who want to borrow and the amount of money the bank has available to lend. As was mentioned in the previous section, the amount available to lend also depends upon the reserve requirement the Federal Reserve Board has set. At the same time, it may also be affected by the funds rate, which is the interest rate that banks charge each other for short-term loans to meet their reserve requirements. Check out How the Fed Works for more on how the Fed influences the economy.

Loaning money is also inherently risky. A bank never really knows if it'll get that money back. Therefore, the riskier the loan the higher the interest rate the bank charges. While paying interest may not seem to be a great financial move in some respects, it really is a small price to pay for using someone else's money. Imagine having to save all of the money you needed in order to buy a house. We wouldn't be able to buy houses until we retired!

Banks also charge fees for services like checking, ATM access and overdraft protection. Loans have their own set of fees that go along with them. Another source of income for banks is investments and securities.

Loans, Checks and Savings

Banks offer lots of financial products for their depositors. They offer checking accounts, loans, certificates of deposits and money market accounts, not to mention traditional savings accounts. Some also allow you to set up individual retirement accounts (IRAs) and other retirement or education savings accounts. There are, of course, other types of accounts being offered at banks across the country, but these are the most common ones. What are the differences in these most common types of accounts?

Savings accounts - The most common type of account, and probably the first account you ever had, is a savings account. These accounts usually require either a low minimum balance or have no minimum balance requirement, and allow you to keep your money in a safe place while it earns a small amount of interest each month. In standard practice, there are no restrictions on when you can withdraw your money.

Checking accounts - This is another common account most everyone has. It's convenient because it lets you buy things without having to worry about carrying the cash -- or using a credit card and paying its interest. While most checking accounts do not pay interest, some do -- these are referred to as negotiable order of withdrawal (NOW) accounts. Some say that checks have been around since about 352 B.C. in the Roman Empire.

It appears that checks really started becoming popular in Holland in the 1500 to 1600s. Dutch "cashiers" provided an alternative to keeping large amounts of cash at home and agreed to hold depositors' money for safekeeping. For a fee, they would pay the depositors' debts from the account based on a note that the depositor would write - sounds a lot like a check!

Today's banks do the same thing. It became a little more complicated when lots of banks became involved and money needed to be shifted from one bank to the next. To make things easier, banks now have a system of check "clearinghouses." Banks either send checks through the Federal Reserve or use a private clearinghouse to transfer the funds and clear the check. Here is a diagram of how that works.

Money market accounts - A money market account (MMA) is an interest-earning savings account with limited transaction privileges. You are usually limited to six transfers or withdrawals per month, with no more than three transactions as checks written against the account. The interest rate paid on a money market account is usually higher than that of a regular passbook savings rate. Money market accounts also have a minimum balance requirement.

Certificates of deposit - These are accounts that allow you to put in a specific amount of money for a specific period of time. In exchange for a higher interest rate, you have to agree not to withdraw the money for the duration of the fixed time period. The interest rate changes based on the length of time you decide to leave the money in the account. You can't write checks on certificates of deposit. This arrangement not only gives the bank money they can use for other purposes, but it also lets them know exactly how long they can use that money.
Individual retirement accounts and education savings accounts - These types of accounts require that you keep your money in the bank until you reach a certain age or your child enters college. There can be penalties with these types of accounts, however, if you use the money for something other than education, or if you withdraw the money prior to retirement age.

bank money changing financial

Banking in Russia

Prior to 1861, the growth of private savings was limited by the fact that the majority of Russia's population was composed of serfs, agricultural laborers who were tied to the land and had few personal freedoms. The only people likely to take advantage of personal savings accounts came from a small class of urban merchants and craftsmen. In 1862, there were only 140,000 deposit accounts totaling 8.5 million rubles in a country of 70 million people. After the abolition of serfdom in 1861, savings accounts became more widespread. Growth was particularly rapid in the 1880s, when the central offices at the Central Bank were supplemented by regional offices at local treasuries and telegraph stations. Savings offices opened in rural villages as well as urban centers, leading to a total of 4,000 branches and two million individual accounts in 1895.

Soviet period

In Vladimir Lenin's view, banks were an important framework for the building of a socialist society. He believed the ready-made big banks of capitalism could be converted into an effective apparatus for state control of the economy. However, banking activities ground to a halt in the chaos of the years immediately following the revolution. All commercial banks closed down in October 1917. Their staff received salaries but were instructed not to perform any banking functions in the hope that economic paralysis would bring down the Bolshevik regime. Nevertheless, by the end of the year, the Bolsheviks had succeeded in nationalizing all commercial banks, sending armed detachments to occupy their offices in Petrograd. While business accounts were confiscated, private savings accounts were respected. Commissar of Finance V. Menzhinsky ordered the re-establishment of the Department of Savings Offices. However, his efforts to maintain the private savings system failed during the period of Revolution from 1918 to 1921. Throughout those years, farm and consumer goods were requisitioned, nearly all money was withdrawn from the economy, and the exchange of goods operated on a barter system.

Russian period

The modern Russia inherited the banking system of the Soviet Union, with a few big state banks (like Sberbank, Vneshekonombank, and Vneshtorgbank). After more than 15 years of reforms in Russia, there are now 1183 financial institutions with 3286 regional branches.

On March 22, 1991, the Central Bank of Russia established the procedure for the issue of securities by commercial banks. From that time, Russian banks gained an outlet to the stock market. On April 2, 1991 the "Regulations for Buying and Selling (Transferring) Currency Exports Abroad through Citizens' Personal Funds" approved by the State Bank of the USSR entered into force. In this way, the creation of the Russian foreign exchange market began. And on April 9, the first auctions on the State Bank's currency exchange were held. Ten commercial banks and one financial organization took part.

Credit and Debit cards

At the end of 2008, there were 119 million bank cards in circulation in Russia. How can we do payments without cash money?

A credit card is a small plastic card issued to users as a system of payment. It allows its holder to buy goods and services based on the holder's promise to pay for these goods and services.[1] The issuer of the card creates a revolving account and grants a line of credit to the consumer (or the user) from which the user can borrow money for payment to a merchant or as a cash advance to the user.

Credit – transecting between two parties in which one (the creditor or lender) supplies money, goods/services, or securities in return for a promised future payment by the other (the debtor or borrower). [Creditor is someone who money is owed to. Debtor is someone who owes money]. Credit given is an indication of trust in that person to pay for the goods given or money lent. Credit transections normally include the payment of interest to the lender. Credit may be extended by public or private institutions to finance business activities, agricultural operations, consumer expenditures, or government projects. Most modern credit is extended through specialized financial institutions, of which commercial banks are the oldest and most important. The lender must judge each loan he makes on the bases of the character of the borrower (his intention to repay), his capacity to repay (based on his potential for earning income), and his collateral (property or other goods that you promise to give someone if you cannot pay back the money (they lent you). [Loan is an amount of money that you borrow from a bank]. Customers and lenders may publicly regulate the terms of credit transections to prevent abuses.

Questions:

What is meant by the term credit?
What does credit normally include?
What institutions may extend credit?
What may credit finance?
How is most modern credit expended?
How must the lender judge each the loan?
What does the character of the borrower imply?
What is the debtor’s capacity to repay based upon?
What does the debtor’s collateral imply?

Marketing

Marketing and its functions.Marketing is the ability to asses, by whatever means, the needs of the consumer, then using the available resources, design, produce, advertise, and deliver the goods at the right time and at the right place and price to the customer. Marketing’s principal function is to promote and facilitate exchange. Through marketing, individuals and groups obtain what they need and want by exchanging products and services with other parties. Such a process can occur only when there are at least two parties, each of whom has something to offer. In addition, exchange cannot occur unless the parties are able to communicate about what they offer and to deliver what they offer. Marketing is not a coercive process: all parties must be free to accept or reject what others are offering. So defined, marketing is distinguished from other modes of obtaining desired goods, such as through self – production, begging, theft, or force. Marketing is not confined to any particular type of economy, because goods must be exchanged and therefore marketed in all economies and societies except perhaps in the most primitive one. Furthermore, marketing is not a function that is limited to profit – oriented business , even such institutions as hospitals, schools, and museums engage in some forms of marketing.

MONEY

Money and its functions.

Money is a commodity commonly accepted as a medium of economic exchange. The idea of money as a universal equivalent is familiar to us since our childhood. Money circulates from person to person and country to country, thus facilitating trade, and it is the principal measure of wealth. Money has four functions: 1)to serve as a medium of exchange, a commodity universally accepted in exchange for goods and services and for the discharge of debts or for the discharge of contracts; 2) to act as a unit of account, the unit that makes the operation of the price system possible and provides the basis for keeping accounts and calculating cost, profit, and loss; 3) to serve as a standard of deferred payments, the unit in which loans arc made and future transactions arc fixed; |4) to provide a store of wealth, a convenient form in which to hold any income not immediately required for use.

QUESTIONS:

What is meant by the term “money”?
How many functions does money have?
What does money serve as?
What does money act as?
What does money make?
What does money provide?
What does money calculate?
What is the third function of money?

What is finance?

Thе field of finance is broad and dynamic. It directlyeffects the lives of every person and every organization, financial and non – financial, private or public, large or small, profit – seeking or non – profit. Finance can be defined as the art science of managing money. All individuals and organizations earn or raise money and spend or invest money. Finance is concerned with the process, institutions markets, the instruments involved in the transfer of money among and between individuals, businesses and governments. Finance can be defined at both the aggregate or macro level and the firm or micro level. Finance at the macro level is the study of financial institutions and financial markets and how they operate within the financial systems. Finance at the micro level is the study of financial planning, asset management, and fund raising for business firms and financial institutions. Finance has its origin in the fields of economics and accounting.

Bank and its classes

Bank – is an institution that deals in money and it substitutes and provides other financial services. Banks accept deposits and make loans and derive a profit from the difference in the interest rates. They also have the power to create money. The two major classes of banks are commercial and central banks. Commercial banks accept savings deposits, make loans and other investments and offer financial services that facilitate the exchange of funds among individuals and institutions. In addition to the profit derived from the difference in the interest rates, commercial banks charge fees for various services. Central banks are involved in the issue of money and maintain the country’s foreign currency reserves. Central banks maintain the accounts of other banks and supervise their activities. Central banks act as bankers to governments, as the designers of monetary and credit policies and as lenders of last resort to commercial banks in the case of a financial crisis. Central banks also play a significant psychological role as guarantors of the monetary system. Central banks may be nationalized organizations and are subject to government control, but some of them can have independence from governmental supervision.

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