Greatest engineering achievement сочинение
Обновлено: 30.06.2024
Задание №11840.
Чтение. ОГЭ по английскому
Вы проводите информационный поиск в ходе выполнения проектной работы. Определите, в каком из текстов A — F содержатся ответы на интересующие Вас вопросы 1 — 7. Один из вопросов останется без ответа.
1. What other necessary things had to be done to start operating the Channel Tunnel?
2. Why didn’t the British support the first project of the Channel Tunnel?
3. How many tunnels does the project actually contain?
4. What are the safety tips while travelling through the Channel Tunnel?
5. What are the possible ways for a passenger to travel through the Channel tunnel?
6. Why is the Channel Tunnel considered to be a great engineering achievement?
7. What was the most difficult task in constructing the Channel Tunnel?
A. The Channel Tunnel (or Chunnel) is a long tunnel between England and France under the English Channel. The section under the sea is 38km long and the entire length is 50.5km. At its lowest point it is 75 metres deep. The Channel Tunnel is the longest undersea tunnel in the world. The tunnel was recognised as one of the ‘Seven Wonders of the Modern World’ by the American Society of Engineers.
B. For centuries, crossing the English Channel via boat had been considered a miserable task. The windy weather and choppy water made travellers seasick. So, in 1802, French engineer Albert Favier was the first person who proposed to dig a tunnel under the water of the channel. Favier’s plan was adopted by French leader Napoleon Bonaparte. But the British rejected the plan. They feared that Napoleon wanted to build the tunnel in order to invade England.
C. At the end of the 20th century the idea was revived. The digging of the Channel Tunnel began simultaneously from the British and the French coasts. The greatest challenge was making sure that both the British side of the tunnel and the French side actually met up in the middle. Special lasers and surveying equipment were used. On December 1, 1990, the meeting of the two sides was officially celebrated. For the first time in history, Great Britain and France were connected.
D. Although the meeting of the two sides of the service tunnel was a cause for great celebration, it certainly wasn't the end of the Channel Tunnel building project. Crossover tunnels, land tunnels from the coast to the terminals, electrical systems, fireproof doors, the ventilation system and train tracks all had to be added. Also, large train terminals had to be built at Folkestone in Great Britain and Coquelles in France.
E. It took 13,000 engineers and technicians to construct the Channel Tunnel. In fact, there are two running tunnels, one each way. Additionally, there is a smaller service tunnel with a crossover in the middle, so in case there’s an emergency, the trains can actually change to either side. It is wrong to call it a tunnel as there are actually three tunnels. The tunnels are about 50 meters below the seabed.
F. If you want to use the tunnel, you have got a choice. You can either go on a passenger train, the Eurostar, which departs from London, Paris and Brussels city centres. Or you can go on the drive-on service, called the Eurotunnel Shuttle, starting close to the tunnel entrance where you drive your car or truck onto special rail cars.
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It is very difficult for me to single out any one invention, so I would like to tell you about the most important.
The history of inventions includes everything that was created by man for thousands of years of existence, but we want to highlight the most important inventions of mankind. Together with the physiology of man, his intellect also evolved. Of course, it is very difficult to choose the most important and necessary from the huge number and variety of man's inventions, but we nevertheless made our rating of the 12 most important inventions in the history of mankind.
Gunpowder and Firearms
There are persistent numerous opinions that gunpowder was invented in China. His appearance led to the invention of fireworks and early examples of firearms. Since the beginning of time people have divided the territories and protected them, and for this they always needed some kind of weapon. First there were sticks, then axes, then bows, and after the appearance of gunpowder and firearms. Now many types of weapons have been created for military purposes, from simple pistols to the latest intercontinental missiles that are launched from a submarine. In addition to the army, weapons are also used by civilians for their protection and protection of anything, and for hunting.
It is difficult to imagine a modern world without cars. People go to work, to dacha, to vacation, to food, to movies and restaurants. Different types of vehicles are used for delivery of goods, construction of buildings and for many other purposes. The first cars resembled carriages without horses and moved with not very high speed. Now there are both simple cars for the middle class, and luxury cars, standing like a house, accelerating to 300 kilometers per hour. The modern world can not be imagined without a car.
To the creation of the Internet, mankind has been going on for many years, inventing new and new means of communication. Twenty years ago, the Internet had a little more than 100,000 people, and now it is practically in all more or less large populated areas. Through the Internet you can communicate with letters and visually, on the Internet you can find almost any information, you can work through the Internet, order products, things and services. The Internet is a window into the world through which you can not only receive information, communicate and play, but also earn money, make purchases and read this site.
Some 15 years ago, in order to communicate with someone from a distance, it was necessary to go home and call a fixed line or look for the nearest telephone booth and coins or tokens for a call. If you were on the street, and you urgently needed to call an ambulance or firefighters, you had to shout in the hope that someone from the nearest houses would hear and call where you need to or quickly run and look for a phone to call. Even children always had to go around friends and personally find out whether they would go for a walk or not, since even at home many did not have a phone. Now, from almost anywhere, you can call anywhere. A mobile phone is a freedom of communication wherever you are.
The computer today has replaced for many such items as a TV, video or DVD player, phone, books and even a ballpoint pen. Now with the help of a computer you can write books, communicate with people, watch movies, listen to music, find the right information. Yes, what I'm telling you, you yourself know everything! In addition to household applications, computers are used for various research and development, facilitating and improving the work of many enterprises and mechanisms. The modern world can not be imagined without computers.
The invention of cinematography was the beginning of that movie and television that we have today. The first motion pictures were black and white and without sound, they appeared only a few decades after the photo. Today, cinema is an incredible sight. Thanks to hundreds of people working on it, computer graphics, decorations, makeup and many other ways and technologies of cinema now can be like a fairy tale. Television, portable video cameras, surveillance cameras and in general everything related to video exists thanks to the invention of cinema.
A simple fixed phone is in our rating above the mobile one because for the time when the phone was invented it was a huge breakthrough. Before the phone, you could communicate only by mail, by telegraph or by mail pigeons. :) Thanks to the phone people no longer had to wait a few weeks for an answer to the letter, there was no need to go somewhere or go to say something or find out. The creation of the phone not only saved time, but also strength.
Before the invention of the electric bulb, people sat in the dark in the evenings or lit candles, lamps in oil or some kind of torches as in ancient times. The invention of a light bulb made it possible to get rid of the danger posed by lighting fixtures using fire. Thanks to the electric bulb, the rooms were illuminated well and evenly. Now we understand the importance of a light bulb only when we are disconnected from electricity.
Before the invention of antibiotics, some diseases that are now treated at home can kill a person. The development and production of antibiotics began actively at the end of the XIX century. The invention of antibiotics helped a person to overcome a variety of diseases that were previously considered incurable. In the 30s of the 20th century every year dysentery carried away tens of thousands of human lives. Also, there was no cure for pneumonia, sepsis, typhoid. The man could not defeat the pulmonary plague, it always led to death. With the invention of antibiotics, many serious diseases have not become scary.
At first glance, you can not say that the wheel is a very important invention, but thanks to this particular device, many other inventions were invented, such as a car or a train. The wheel significantly reduces the energy costs of moving the load. Thanks to the invention of the wheel, not only transportation was perfected. The man began to build roads, the first bridges appeared. Everything, from carts to planes, moves thanks to the wheel. Even the lifts and mills work thanks to the wheel. If you think a little, you can understand the full scale of the use of this simple ancient invention and all its importance.
On the second place of our rating is the second oldest and frequency of use of the method of information transfer. Thanks to writing, we can learn history, read books, write sms, learn new information and learn. Ancient letters found in the Egyptian and Mexican pyramids allow us to understand the way of life of ancient civilizations. Now we need writing practically for everything. Work in the office, rest with an interesting book, entertainment at the computer, training - all this is possible thanks to writing.
The first place is occupied by the most ancient and often used method of information transfer. Without language there would be nothing. People simply could not understand each other, as it was many thousands of years ago, when humanity was still at the first stages of its development. Today there are thousands of languages with dozens of dialects in each. Most of them are no longer used, many are used in remote corners of the world by various tribes. Thanks to the language we understand each other, thanks to him we develop as a civilization and thanks to him you can learn about the 12 most important inventions of man!
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Space explorations started in the second part of the 20th century and now there are still a lot of what needs to be discovered and explored. Scientists and engineers had opened a door to many breathtaking and valuable facts that we know now about cosmic and space. Was it the greatest achievement of the last century?
In my opinion, the last hundred year had given to us more than all previous centuries together in the sphere of science, industry and medicine. So I think that it is not right to choose just one of the innovations. Firstly, we should not forget about invention of penicillin. A lot of people’s lives were saved by this antibiotic. Secondly, the invention of the computer. Nowadays we cannot imagine our life without it. Finally, of course, the Internet.
Most people would call it the greatest achievement of 20th century.
On the contrast there exists another point of view. Some people who are interested in cosmos, galaxies etc believe that space is the most mysterious part of knowledge that people could reach and it makes explorations of space the greatest achievement.
I cannot agree with the opinion above. For some people, for example, it does not even matter what is happening in the space, they are not interested in new discoveries and etc.
In conclusion, I would like to point out that exploration of space is just one of many other achievements of the 20th century and we should not single it out. Поступаете в 2019 году? Наша команда поможет с экономить Ваше время и нервы: подберем направления и вузы (по Вашим предпочтениям и рекомендациям экспертов);оформим заявления (Вам останется только подписать);подадим заявления в вузы России (онлайн, электронной почтой, курьером);мониторим конкурсные списки (автоматизируем отслеживание и анализ Ваших позиций);подскажем когда и куда подать оригинал (оценим шансы и определим оптимальный вариант).Доверьте рутину профессионалам – подробнее.
В средние века в Европе водяные мельницы и ветряные мельницы привели к революции в производстве энергии. Новые технологии позволили людям построить замечательные соборы большого размера - лучший пример - готическая архитектура. В 14-ом столетии европейцам удалось изготовить оружие.
С 15 по 17 век эпоха Возрождения распространилась в Европе. Она считается революционной во многих сферах. Новый мир был обнаружен и исследован. Печатные книги помогли развитию европейской культурной жизни. Во время Ренессанса появился новый интерес к технологиям, а новые технологии приводили к новым проблемам. Одна из проблем заключалась в том, что судостроению и металлургической промышленности нужно было много древесины. Чтобы позволить себе это, Европа вскоре потеряла свои леса.
В течение XIX и XX веков жизнь людей сильно изменилась благодаря науке и технике. Достижения в области транспорта, связи и использования энергии оказали большое влияние на современное общество. Медицинские знания дали людям более продолжительную и здоровую жизнь. Компьютеры дают нам новые возможности на работе и дома. Теперь стандарты жизни людей лучше и гораздо больше свободного времени.
In the Middle Ages in Europe watermills and windmills brought a revolution to the production of power. The new technologies enabled people to construct wonderful cathedrals of great size — the best example of gothic architecture.
From the 15th to the 17th century the period of Renaissance spread in Europe. It is considered revolutionary in many spheres. The New World was discovered and explored. The printed books helped the development of European cultural life. The Renaissance saw a new interest in technology, and the new technology led to new problems. One problem was that shipbuilding.
Another problem was the need in more powerful engines. The 18th century in Europe was the time of the Industrial Revolution, the time when technology developed very fast. In 1712 Thomas Newcomen, an Englishman, invented the steam engine. In the 1760s, James Watt improved the Newcomen engine, which opened the way to constructing steamboats and locomotives in the early 19th century. The Industrial.
During the 19th and 20th centuries people’s lives have greatly changed thanks to science and technology. Achievements in transportation, communications and use of energy have had a great influence on the modern society. Medical knowledge has given people longer and healthier lives. Computers are giving us new opportunities at.
On the other hand, a lot of people may argue that such great technological achievements do not come without a price. And indeed they were achieved at the cost of losing a lot of important things — the beauty of nature, physical health, some personal qualities. New technology has led to creating weapons of mass destruction; new communication technology and computers have brought with them the problem of loneliness. Air, water and soil pollution is now damaging the environment; the great intensity of human life leads.
Advantages: Europeans managed to produce guns (they could be used for hunting). The Industrial Revolu-tion gave rise to the engineering profession. Medical knowledge has given people longer and healthier lives. Com-puters are giving us new opportunities at work and at.
Disadvantages: One problem was that shipbuilding and iron industry needed a lot of wood. To be able to afford it Europe soon lost its forests. Another problem was the need in more powerful engines. Such great technological achievements were achieved at the cost of losing a lot of important things — the beauty of nature, physical health, some personal qualities. New technology has led to creating weapons of mass destruction; new communication technology and computers have brought with them the problem of.
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