Style and stylistics реферат
Обновлено: 25.06.2024
The term “Stylistics” comes from the French word, which is a derivative of the word “style”. The word style comes from the Latin word, meaning the name of a sharp instrument used by the Romans for writing on wax tablets. Later on it came to be metonymically used for a manner of writing or a mode of expressions.
Stylistics is a new branch of General Linguistics, which studies the principles and effectiveness of the choice and usage of lexical, grammatical, phonetic and graphic means of the language to render thoughts, feelings and emotions under various conditions of communication.
One of the American linguists Michael Riffater wrote: “Stylistics studies the act of communication not merely as producing a verbal chain, but as bearing the speaker’s personality and as compelling the addressee’s attention”.
Stylistics studies the means of linguistic expressiveness in carrying a huge load of information. To decode this information, one should give a detailed and thorough analysis of the stylistic functioning of all the linguistic means used.
Stylistics is a part of Poetics, a science, which studies the structure of literary works and the system of aesthetic means used. Stylistics is subdivided into Literary and Lingual Stylistics.
Literary Stylistics concerns itself with the individual style of a writer, belonging to a definite literary school or trend. It studies a combination of expressive means used by some author, typical of a certain trend or some literary epoch and factors, determining poetic expressiveness.
The main concerns of Lingual Stylistics are the following:
· The study of functional styles as subsystems of the literary language, distinguished from one another by a peculiar set of independent language means and fulfilling a specific function in communication.
· The study of linguistic elements from the viewpoint of their ability to render emotions, feelings, additional associations and evaluations.
The two branches of Stylistics are interdependent, as the object of their investigation is the same (i.e. language).
Speaking about Lingual Stylistics, Olga Sergeyevna Akhmanova distinguished Language Stylistics and Speech Stylistics.
According to her, Language Stylistics studies: 1) the peculiarity of language subsystems, the specific vocabulary, phraseology and syntax; 2) expressive, emotive, evaluative features of various linguistic means.
Speech Stylistics, in her opinion, studies texts, the way they render the content, the literary norm and deviations from norm.
One and the same information may be rendered differently, depending on the situation of communication, on the social status of the interlocutors, on their relations, on the emotional attitude of the speakers, their mood and health. These facts are not explicitly expressed in the text; they are rendered in different roundabout ways. Thus the main task of Stylistics is to give the stylistic analysis of the given information or to decode it.
Information in speech may be of two types:
· Subject, logical information making up the essence of the utterance;
· Additional information about conditions of communication and the participants of communication.
E.g. I weally don’t know whewer I’m a good girl. (= “I really don’t know whether I’m a good girl” Here in addition to the content the author also describes the person’s manner of speaking)
There exist two trends in the stylistic analysis: 1) to single out the key idea of the extract (i.e. to define different stylistic devices, to assert the initial hypothesis); 2) to single out some formal details, peculiarities of the text (i.e. explain their usage, considering them in their interaction and then formulate the idea and the theme of the extract). Both ways of analysis are aimed at revealing the unity of form and meaning, at perceiving the text as a unit.
Of late there has appeared a new term “Stylistics of Decoding” or “Stylistics of Perception” opposed to the term “Stylistics of Encoding”.
Stylistics of Encoding presupposes the knowledge not only of the creative biography of the author, but also of the literary epoch, literary trend and the history of literature
Stylistics of Decoding studies the way a literary work influences the reader. It concentrates the reader’s attention on the analysis of the linguistic means used. It deals with text interpretation.
Connection of Stylistics with Other Branches of Linguistics
Being a branch of Linguistics Stylistics is closely connected with all its branches, as the subject matter of the stylistic analysis is the language in all its aspects (lexical, grammatical, phonetic, etc.); but stylistics differs from other branches of Linguistics by its tasks and approaches.
Stylistics and Phonetics. Phonostylistics deals with peculiarities of the sound arrangement of speech for creating a stylistic effect (onomatopoeia, alliteration, rhyme, rhythm), i.e. it studies the way the sound system of the language becomes an expressive language means.
E.g. She was immediately shushed. (Её тут же попросили замолчать)
Phonostylistics also studies the usage of non-standard pronunciation with comic or satiric effect to show social inequality. The majority of scientists consider that the graphic expression of Phonetics is also the subject of Phonostylistics; though of late, some authors have begun to speak of a separate branch of Stylistics called Graphical Stylistics. It studies the expressive potential of punctuation marks, different types of prints, capitalisation, hyphenation, multiplication, etc. But this branch has not been thoroughly studied yet.
Stylistics and Lexicology. Lexicological Stylistics studies words, but from the viewpoint of their stylistic functions, their stylistic colouring. It takes into account expressive, emotive, evaluative potentials of words, belonging to different layers of vocabulary, their interaction with different conditions of communication. It studies all those stylistic devices, which are based on the simultaneous realization of different types of word meaning.
E.g.The loud ocean was all around us. /epithet/
Stylistics and Grammar. Morphological Stylistics considers only those morphological forms, which help to render expressiveness and thus can be stylistically marked; i.e. it studies stylistic potential of various grammatical categories.
E.g. You can be deader than the dead. /adjective/
Syntactic Stylistics analyses the expressive potential of various sentence patterns, of peculiar arrangements of sentence elements and of various interactions of adjacent sentences.
E.g. I have to beg you for money. Daily. /segmentation/
Stylistics is not only connected with different branches of Linguistics, but also with such disciplines as Literature, Psychology, Logics, the Theory of Information, the Theory of Euphemisms, the Theory of Sound Symbolism and others.
Stylistic functions
Stylistics does not study linguistic elements as such, it studies their expressive potential in contexts, i.e. it deals with their stylistic functions. By function, following the American linguist Michael Holliday, we mean a role played by this or that class of words in the structure of a higher linguistic plane.
Stylistic function is an expressive potential of linguistic element interaction in the context, which enables the author to render alongside with the subject logical content of the text its expressive, emotive, evaluative and aesthetic information.
As to the question of classification of stylistic functions, the majority of linguists speak of descriptive, emotive and evaluative functions, but the problem demands further investigation.
Irene Vladimirovna Arnold speaks of some peculiarities, typical of stylistic functions:
· Accumulation – one and the same mood, idea, feeling, etc. Is rendered in the text by a number of stylistic devices. A group of stylistic devices fulfilling one stylistic function forms convergence.
· Implication arises due to connotation.
· Irradiation, which is opposite to accumulation. For example, a long utterance may contain only one or two high-flown words, but due to them the whole text will sound high-flown, and vice versa.
Stylistic function shows the stylistic significance of linguistic elements in their interaction in decoding the author’s intentions. It should not be confused with stylistic devices.
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Object and subject of stylistics as a science, characteristics of the concept. The concept of style, its main effects. The nature and content of stylistics in the student's work. The ratio of stylistics and linguistics in the modern science of language.
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Ministry of Education of the Republic of Moldovaof International Relations of the Republic of Moldovaof Foreign Languagesof English PhilologyPaperCharacteristics of Publicistic and Scientific Styles Using Some Case StudiesWritten by:
nd year student Tomulet Vilena2LM2adviserValentina Shinghirei
, 2016Introduction
Chapter I. The General Notes on Style and Stylistics
1.1 Expressive Means and Stylistic Devices
1.2 General Notes on Functional Styles of Language
1.3 Phonetic Expressive Means and Stylistic Devices
1.4 Lexico-Phraseological Stylistic Means
1.5 SD based on the Interaction between the Logical and Emotive Meanings
1.6 SD based on the Interaction of the Primary and Secondary Logical Meaning
1.7 SD which give Additional Characteristics to the Objects described
1.8 Repetition. Antithesis. Climax. Represented speech
1.9 Asyndeton. Polysyndeton
Chapter II. Scientific Style
2.1 The Meaning and Nature of “Scientific Style”
2.2 Authorship. Abstract. Introduction
2.3 Results. Tables. Figures and graphics
2.5 Other Types of Documents
2.6 Writing Style
Introduction
• To examine the main pecularities of the Publicistic and Scientific Styles.
• To study more closely about stylistic devices and expressive means.
• To investigates styles using some case studies.
• To identify differences and similarities between Publicistic and Scientific Styles
• To make the analysis of selected examples.research methods applied in the study include:
• Comparative analysis of Publicistic and Scientific Styles.
• The analysis of the 100 examples of stylistic devices.theoretical value of this course paper is in the research for establishing the features of Publicistic and Scientific Styles.practical value of this work suggests that this theme would help Romanian learners to understand the features from both styles and to be able to find stylistic devices and expressive means.research material is based on 100 English examples of stylistic devices from articles and online newspapers.study consists of Contents, Introduction, Three Chapters, Conclusion, Bibliography, 2 Appendices and Summary.Introduction provides the main goal, tasks and objectives of the Course Paper. It also includes the structure of the paper and it’s short description.I, The general notes on style and stylistics, focuses on the description of the Publicistic Style based on its characteristics and peculiarities. It also consists of analyzing of some examples of stylistic devices.II, Scientific Style, focuses on the description of the Scientific Style.III, Analysis of English Publicistic Style, consists of the analysis of examples of stylistic devices in English from different sources.Conclusion underlines the main results of the experimental research and the importance of understanding the characteristics of stylistic devices being a future translator.Bibliography contains the alphabetical list of the Quoted Literature (the sources used in the research for theoretical and practical part) and Dictionaries (sources used for checking grammatical mistakes). Appendix 1 there are 100 examples of stylistic devices which i found in newspapers.Appendix 2 there is a diagram which also served as a study material.Summary (rezumat) presents the message of the Course Paper in brief, especially for those who want to find out what is the study about.
Key-words: Publicistic Style, Scientific Style, expressive means, stylistic devices.
Chapter I. The General Notes on Style and Stylistics Stylistics, sometimes called lingvo-stylistics, is a branch of general linguistics. It has now been more or less definitely outlined. It deals mainly with two interdependent tasks: a) the investigation of the inventory of special language media which by their ontological features secure the desirable effect of the utterance and b) certain types of texts (discourse) which due to the choice and arrangement of language means are distinguished by the pragmatic aspect of the communication.types of texts that are distinguished by the pragmatic aspect of the communication are called functional styles of language (FS); the special media of language which secure the desirable effect of the utterance are called stylistic devices (SD) and expressive means (EM).
The expressive means of English and the stylistic devices used in the literary language can only be understood (and made use of) when a thorough knowledge of the language-as-a-system, i.e. of the phonetic, grammatical and lexical data of the given language, has been attained.
The distinction between a lofty style and a low style of speech was put forward as far back as in the 18,h century by Michail Lomonosov. However, stylistics as a
Stylistics is a branch of general linguistics. Stylistics – is regarded as a language science which deals with the results of the act of communication.
There are 2 basic objects of stylistics: - stylistic devices and figures of speech (functional styles).
Branches of stylistics:
Lexical stylistics – studies functions of direct and figurative meanings, also the way contextual meaning of a word is realized in the text. L.S. deals with various types of connotations – expressive, evaluative, emotive; neologisms, dialectal words and their behavior in the text.
Grammatical stylistics – is subdivided into morphological and syntactical Morphological s. views stylistic potential of grammatical categories of different parts of speech. Potential of the number, pronouns… Syntactical s. studies syntactic, expressive means, word order and word combinations, different types of sentences and types of syntactic connections. Also deals with origin of the text, its division on the paragraphs, dialogs, direct and indirect speech, the connection of the sentences, types of sentences.
Phonostylistics – phonetical organization of prose and poetic texts. Here are included rhythm, rhythmical structure, rhyme, alliteration, assonance and correlation of the sound form and meaning. Also studies deviation in normative pronunciation.
Functional S (s. of decoding) – deals with all subdivisions of the language and its possible use (newspaper, colloquial style). Its object - correlation of the message and communicative situation.
Individual style study –studies the style of the author. It looks for correlations between the creative concepts of the author and the language of his work.
Stylistics of encoding. - The shape of the information (message) is coded and the addressee plays the part of decoder of the information which is contained in message. The problems which are connected with adequate reception of the message without any loses (deformation) are the problems of stylistics of encoding.
Stylistics is not equal to linguistics science, such as phonetics, linguistics disciplines – lexicology, morphology, syntax because they are level disciplines as they treat only one linguistic level and stylistics investigates the questions on all the levels and different aspects of the texts in general.
The smallest unit of language is the phoneme. Several phonemes combined make a unit of a higher level – morpheme (morphemic level). One or more morphemes makes a word, a lexeme (lexical level). One or more than one words make an utterance, a sentence (sentence level). Words combinations are treated either on the lexical or syntactical level: Winter… смысл целого предл. Never! Each level consists of units of lower level. Read – er [э] морфема.
Stylistics must be subdivided into separate, independent branches – stylistic phonetics, Stylistic morphology, Stylistic lexicology, Stylistic syntax. Whatever level we take, stylistics is describes not what is in common use, but what is specific in this or that respect, what differentiates one sublanguage from others. General (non-stylistic) phonetics investigates the whole articulatory - audial system of language. Stylistic ph-cs describes variants of pronunciation occuring in different types of speech. Special attention is also paid to prosodic features of prose and poetry. General (non-stylistic) morphology treats morphemes and grammatical meanings expressed by them in language in general, without regard to their stylistic value. Stylistic mor-gy is interested in grammatical forms and grammatical meanings that are peculiar to particular sublanguages, explicity or implicity comparing them with the neutral ones common to all the sublanguages.
Lexicology deals with stylistic classification (differentiation) of the vocabulary that form a part of stylistics (stylistics lexicology). In stylistic lexicology each units are studied separately, instead of as a whole text (group of words, word classification). General syntax treats word combinations and sentences, analyzing their structures and stating what is permissible and what is inadmissible in constructing correct utterances in the given language. Stylistic syntax shows what particular constructions are met with in various types of speech, what syntactical structures are style forming (specific) in the sublanguages in question.
Большой вклад в развитие теории и практики стилистики внесли известные просветители, лингвисты, методисты. Конечно, главная роль здесь принадлежит М.В. Ломоносову, который считается основоположником стилистики русского языка. Его теория трех стилей – это основной труд по истории стилистики. Учение о трех стилях было известно еще античным писателям. Своеобразие труда М.В. Ломоносова состояло в том, что он осмыслил эту теорию применительно к соотношению русского и церковнославянского языков. Ломоносов предлагает три штиля: высокий, средний, низкий. Различие между штилями зависело от степени употребления в них старославянизмов.
Общая стилистика занимается категориями общими для языка вообще, общими для всех или большинства естественных языков. Это такие категории, как общее понятие стиля, функциональные стили речи, принципы словоупотребления и т.д. Общая стилистика тесно связана с частными стилистиками, которые изучают эти категории относительно данного конкретного языка.
Сопоставительная стилистика занимается сопоставительным изучением стилистических явлений в нескольких языках.
Функциональная стилистика - это раздел лингвостилистики, занимающийся изучением функциональных стилей или, в терминах зарубежной лингвистики, регистров речи. Данная разновидность стилистики выходит за пределы текста и рассматривает соотношение текста с внетекстовыми подсистемами языка (стилями). Текст предстает как результат выбора говорящим языковых форм из заранее данных языком возможностей и как их комбинация в речи в зависимости от его цели (функции).
1) Стиль – разновидность языка, закрепленная в данном обществе традицией за одной из наиболее общих сфер социальной жизни и частично отличающаяся от других разновидностей того же языка по всем основным параметрам – лексикой, грамматикой, фонетикой.
2) Стиль – общепринятая манера, обычный способ исполнения какого-либо конкретного типа речевых актов: ораторская речь, статья в газете, научная лекция, судебная речь, бытовой диалог.
3) Стиль – индивидуальная манера, способ, которым исполнен данный речевой акт или литературно-художественное произведение.
4)Функциональный стиль - разновидность литературного языка, в которой язык выступает в той или иной социально значимой сфере общественно-речевой практики людей и особенности которой обусловлены особенностями общения в данной сфере.
Следовательно, стиль - это прежде всего отличие, выбор: что-то можно сделать (в частности, сказать) так, а можно - иначе; и субъект действия выбирает какой-то один путь, один способ действия.
Как и всякая человеческая деятельность, речевая деятельность характеризуется прежде всего целенаправленностью. Мы говорим и пишем для того, чтобы что-то кому-то сообщить, передать какую-то информацию. Эту информацию называют денотативно-десигнативной, или предметно-логической. Естественные языки устроены таким образом, что одну и ту же денотативную информацию можно передать не одним, а несколькими способами.
Что выражает стиль?
1) отношение субъекта речи к адресату (уважительное, грубое и т.д.);
2) принадлежность субъекта речи к определённой социальной группе (интеллигент, малокультурный человек и др.);
3) эмоциональное состояние субъекта речи;
Опираясь на изложенное выше, можно дать следующее определение стиля как лингвистического понятия.
Стиль высказывания принадлежит к коннотации и воспринимается, как правило, интуитивно.
Установившейся классификации стилей не существует. Однако разные авторы работ по немецкой, французской, английской и русской стилистике (И.В. Арнольд, И.Р. Гальперин, К.А. Долинин, М.Н. Кожина, В.А. Кухаренко, Э.Г. Ризель, Ю.М. Скребнев и др.), опубликованных в нашей стране за последние десятилетия, предлагают более-менее однотипную систему стилей. Она основана на делении всех стилей на два основных класса: литературный и разговорный, которые далее подразделяются на варианты (в общей сложности не более пяти стилей).
Проблемы определения понятия стиль и выделения типов стилей не являются единственными в стилистике. Эта наука также занимается следующими вопросами:
1) экспрессивные средства языка;
2) синонимичные пути выражения одной и той же мысли;
3) эмоциональная окраска слов и выражений в языке;
4) система стилистических приёмов;
5) индивидуальная манера автора в использовании языка
Таким образом, говоря о стилистике как науке, мы должны иметь в виду, что объект её исследования достаточно многогранен и многомерен.
Список литературы:
Основы теории и практики стилистики английского языка: учебник / Н.В. Банина, М.В. Мельничук, В.М. Осипова. - М.: Финансовый университет, 2017. - 136 с.
Гуревич В.В. Стилистика английского языка: учебное пособие. - 2-е изд. - М.: Флинта, 2007.
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