Special colloquial vocabulary реферат

Обновлено: 02.07.2024

1. Slang is a) a special vocabulary used by any set of persons of low or disreputable character; language of a low and vulgar type; b) the cant or jargon of a certain class or period; c) language of a highly colloquial type considered as below the level of standard educated speech; and consisting either of new words or of current words “employed in some special sense”. (New Oxford English Dictionary); e.g. “bread basket” – stomach; “rot” – nonsense; “the cat’s pyjamas” – the correct thing. There are many kinds of slang: public, home, commercial, military, theatrical, parliamentary etc.

2. Jargonisms. Jargon is a term for a group of words that exist almost in every language and whose aim is to preserve secrecy within one or another social group. They are generally old words with entirely new meanings imposed on them, e.g. grease – money; a tiger hunter – gambler, lexer – a student preparing for a law course. Jargonisms need translation. They may migrate into other social strata and become recognizable in the literary language e.g. queer, bluff, sham, humbug, etc.

When a jargon becomes common it may be classified as slang or colloquial, e.g. Dar (from damned average raiser) “a persevering and assiduous student” (university jargon). Man and wife – “a knife” (rhyming slang). Brass – money in general, cash; drag – to rob vehicles, to soap–box (to make speeches out-of-doors standing on a soap-box). “Soap” and “flannel” meaning “bread” and “cheese” (naval) which cannot be understood by all the language community can be classed as jargonisms. Jargon distorts words, it does not create them. British slang and jargon differ from those of America and Canada.

3. Professionalisms are the words used in a definite trade, profession or calling by people connected by common interests both at work and at home. But terms belong to the literary layer of the words while professionalisms are special words in the non-literary layer of the English vocabulary. Their meanings are often based on metaphors and metonymies. They are usually mono-semantic, e.g. tinfish – (submarine), blockbluster – (a bomb designed to destroy blocks of buildings), piper – (a specialist who decorates pastry with the use of cream-pipe).

They are not aimed at secrecy. They are often written in converted commas to stress their peculiar idiomatic sense or are italicized.

4. Dialectal words are the words confined to a definite locality. In emotive prose they are used to characterize the speaker as a person of a certain locality, breeding, education etc. There is some difficulty in distinguishing dialectal words from colloquial words (lass, lad, daft, (silly) from Scottish).

These words are universally accepted as recognized units of standard English. But here are some corrupted English standard words: hinney – honey, tittie – sister. The southern dialectal words have phonetic peculiarity that distinguishes them from other dialects: initial “s” and “f” are voiced; e.g. Volk – folk; vound – found; zee – see; zurely – surely. They can be found in the style of emotive prose.

5. Vulgar words or Vulgarisms 1) are expletive and swear words of abusive character (damn, bloody to hell, goddam etc.). 2) Obscene words, these are known as “four – letter” words. The use of which is banned in any form of intercourse as being indecent. The function of expletive is almost the same as that of interjections; i.e. to express strong emotions, annoyance, anger, vexation.

6. Colloquial coinages. Nonce words unlike coinages of a literary bookish character are spontaneous and elusive. They are not fixed in the dictionaries. They are not built by any affixes but are based on certain semantic changes of words.

Nonce coinages appear in all spheres of life. They may become permanent and generally accepted terms.

Words and expressions

word stock – словарный состав

common property – общее свойство

to fleet – плыть

to restrict – ограничивать

coinage – новое слово

nonce-words – слова, образованные только для данного случая

bulk – основная часть

to approach – приближаться

to sustain – поддерживать

hackneyed – устарелый, зачерствелый

diction – стиль, манера

obsolete – вышедший из употребления

goblet – кубок, бокал

to penetrate – проникать

obscure – тёмный, неясный

to designate – обозначать

to cease – прекращать

to eliminate – устранять

to acquire – приобретать

to blend – смешивать

to curtail – урезать, сокращать

disreputable – имеющее дурную репутацию

current – настоящий, текущий

to impose – накладывать

bluff – резкий, крутой

sham – притворство, подделка

vehicle – транспортное средство

flannel – фланель, тонкая лепёшка

submarine – подводная лодка

tin – консервная банка

converted commas – кавычки

to italicize – выделить курсивом

to corrupt – искажать, портить

to distort – искажать

expletive – бранное выражение

swear words – проклятия, бранные слова

to ban – запрещать

Questions to the lecture

1. What are the main three stylistic layers of English word stock?

2. What are the main special literary groups?

3. What are terms?

4. What can you say about poetic words?

5. What are archaic words?

6. What do you know about barbarisms and foreign words?

7. What are literary coinages?

8. What are special colloquial groups?

9. What do you know about slang?

10. What words are called jargonisms?

11. What’s the difference between terms and professionalisms?

12. What words are called dialectal words?

13. What do you know about vulgarisms?

14. What’s the difference between literary and colloquial nonce-words?

Lecture 5

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The word-stock of English language represented as a definite system in which different aspects of words are singled out as interdependent and in accordance with division of language into literary, neutral and colloquial layers combined in a feature.

Рубрика	Иностранные языки и языкознание
Предмет	Stylistic
Вид	реферат
Язык	английский
Прислал(а)	Pozhyvilova Yulia
Дата добавления	09.02.2014
Размер файла	28,9 K

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The vocabulary of colloquial style is usually lower than that of the formal or neutral styles, nevertheless it makes the literary norm. Colloquial words are often emotionally coloured and characterised by connotations (consider the endearing connotations in the words daddy, kid or the evaluating components in trash).

2. Slang forms the biggest word-group of colloquial layer. Slang are popular words used by most speakers in very informal communication, which are highly emotive and expressive and as such, e.g. scamp (a small child), hooker (prostitute), gross (crude, vulgar, disgusting), scum (a worthless person or group of people). Slang occupies an intermediary position among all kinds of informal words (including vulgarisms) and vocabulary of closed social groups such (teenagers, drug-users, sportsmen, thieves jargons and the like).

Slang words lose their originality rather fast and are replaced by newer formations. This tendency to synonymic expansion results in long chains of synonyms of various degrees of expressiveness, denoting one and the same concept. So, the idea of a “pretty girl” is worded by more than one hundred ways in slang, e.g. chic, cookie, tomato, Jane, sugar, bird, cutie, etc.

The substandard status of slang words and phrases, through universal usage, can be raised to the standard colloquial: pal, chum, crony for “friend”; heavies, woolies for “thick panties”; booze for “liquor”; dough for “money”; how’s tricks for “how’s life”; beat it for “go away” and many more are examples of such a transition. The lexicographic problem of modern English is not to discriminate between slang and jargon, or slang and argot, but to register the transition from slang to popular speech.

One and the same object of the real world get different names being used by communicants of different ages. Thus, an older man can say ice-box meaning refrigerator, wireless meaning radio, while a youth would say fridge and boombox respectively.

3. Jargonisms stand close to slang, also being substandard, expressive and emotive, but, unlike slang they are used by limited groups of people, united either socially (here we deal with jargonisms proper) or professionally (in this case we deal with professional jargonisms, or professionalisms). In distinction from slang, jargonisms of both types cover a narrow semantic field (jargons of drug-users, car-dealers, seamen), e.g. dope, to dope up, a doper, dopey; to get high, to give a high, to give a rush; to shoot (up), a shoot up, a shot; to be hooked, a junky (= a junkie, a junker man, a junkhog, a junkhound), to be junked up, junk peddler, junk pusher, junk squad, to be off some junk; to be on drugs; to kick the habit, cold turkey, to go cold turkey; to be on a trip (= blown away, floating, flying, loaded, smashed, strung out, stoned, etc.). So, if an informant calls real prison guards screws, he uses jargon; and if he calls a janitor in the dormitory a screw, it’s slang.

Anglo-American lexicographic tradition does not differentiate between slang and jargonisms regarding these groups as one extensive stratum of words divided into general slang, used by all, or most, speakers, and special slang, limited by the professional or social standing of the speaker. So it seems appropriate to use the indicated terms as synonyms.

Jargonisms proper originated from the thieves jargon which is called argot (or cant). The terms “jargon” and “argot” differ in their degree of openness. Jargon is a property of a permeable social group, e.g. the expressions to blow the whistle, a spook can be understood by many speakers.Argot serves to conceal the actual significance of the utterance from the uninitiated, its major function thus was to be cryptic, secretive. This is why among argotisms there are cases of conscious deformation of the existing words. The so-called back jargon (or back slang) can serve as an example: in their effort to conceal the machinations of dishonest card-playing, gamblers used numerals in their reversed form: ano for “one”, owt for “two”, erth for “three”. In connection with this some scientists mention that modern criminals tend to use rather vulgar words than some esoteric ones, and consequently, argot ceased its existence. Nowadays in most cases the usage of the term “argot” is used with closed verbal communication.

4. Professionalisms are words, connected with the technical side of some profession. So, in oil industry, e.g. for the terminological ‘driller’ (буровик) there exist borer, digger, wrencher, hogger, brake weight; for ‘pipeliner’ (трубопроводчик) – bender, cat, old cat, collar-pecker, hammerman; for ‘geologist-smeller’ – pebble pup, rock hound, witcher, etc. Such words as docudrama, kidvid, prime-time are restricted by professional TV jargon in their functioning.From all the examples at least two points are evident: professionalisms are formed according to the existing word-building patterns or present existing words in new meanings, and, covering the field of special professional knowledge, which is semantically limited, offer a variety of synonymic choices for naming one and the same professional item.

5. Dialectal words are normative and devoid of any stylistic meaning in regional dialects, but used outside of them, carry a strong flavour of the locality where they belong, e.g. Scottish burgh ‘town’, lassie ‘girl’, Yorkshire dialect bairn ‘child’. Some of them have entered the general vocabulary and lost their dialectal status, e.g. lad, pet, squash, plaid.

6. Vulgarisms are coarse words with a strong emotive meaning, mostly derogatory, normally avoided in polite conversation. History of vulgarisms reflects the history of social ethics. So, in Shakespearean times people were much more linguistically frank and disphemistic in their communication than in the age of Enligtenment, or the Victorian era, famous for its prudish and reserved manners. Nowadays words which were labelled vulgar in the 18 th -19 th centuries are considered such no more. In fact, at present we are faced with the reverse of the problem: there are practically no words banned from use by the modern permissive society. Such intensifies as bloody, damned, cursed, hell of, including the four-letter words, formerly deleted from literature and not allowed in conversation, are not only welcomed in both written and oral speech, but, due to constant repetition, have lost much of their emotive impact and substandard quality, e.g.: Hank, that was Vietnam, and we didn’t get our asses kicked – we drew.

7. Colloquial coinages – new words, neologisms¹ coined in colloquial speech: “And marijuana affects different people different ways. Some it makes very tough and some it just makes never-no-mind . ”

¹Neologism is a word or set expression, new either in form or meaning (or both in form and meaning). According to these features neologisms fall into:

1) neologisms proper, a new form is accompanied with a new meaning: audiotyping, home shopping, e-book, to telecommute (telework), electronic cottage;

Название работы: Stylistic Classification of the English Vocabulary

Предметная область: Иностранные языки, филология и лингвистика

Описание: This is important for the course in as much as some SDs are based on the interplay of different stylistic aspects of words. The literary vocabulary consists of the following groups of words: common literary; terms and learned [′ lə:nid] words; poetic words; archaic words; barbarisms and foreign words; literary coinages and noncewords. The colloquial vocabulary includes the following groups of words: common colloquial words; slang; jargonisms; professionalisms; dialectal words; vulgar words; colloquial coinages. The common.

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Основы теории изучаемого языка Стилистика английского языка

Stylistic Classification of the English Vocabulary

Like any linguistic issue the classification of the vocabulary here suggested is for purely stylistic purposes. This is important for the course in as much as some SDs are based on the interplay of different stylistic aspects of words. It follows then that a discussion of the ways the English vocabulary can be classified from a stylistic point of view should be given proper attention.

The word-stock of any language may be presented as a system, the elements of which are interconnected, interrelated and yet independent. Then the word-stock of the English language may be divided into three main layers (strata): the literary layer (stratum), the neutral layer , and the colloquial layer . The literary and the colloquial layers contain a number of subgroups. Each subgroup has a property it shares with all the subgroups within the layer. This common property which unites the different groups within the layer is called its aspect.

The aspect of the literary layer is its bookish character, which makes the layer more or less stable.

The aspect of the colloquial layer is its lively spoken character, which makes it unstable, fleeting.

The aspect of the neutral layer is its universal character. It can be employed in all styles of language and in all spheres of human activity. This makes the layer the most stable of all.

The classification given by I.R.Galperin reflects to a great extent the mobility of the lexical system so characteristic of the English language at its present stage of development.

The vocabulary has been divided here into two basic groups: standard and non-standard vocabulary. The diagram on p.2 demonstrates the aforementioned layers and their subgroups.

The literary vocabulary consists of the following groups of words:

common literary;
terms and learned [′ lə:nid] words;
poetic words;
archaic words;
barbarisms and foreign words;
literary coinages and nonce-words.

The colloquial vocabulary includes the following groups of words:

common colloquial words;
slang;
jargonisms;
professionalisms;
dialectal words;
vulgar words;
colloquial coinages.

The common literary, neutral and common colloquial words are grouped under the term Standard English Vocabulary .

Other groups in the literary and colloquial layers are called special literary (bookish) vocabulary and special (non-standard) colloquial vocabulary.

Neutral words form the bulk of the English Vocabulary and are used in both literary and colloquial language. Neutral words are the main source of synonymy and polysemy. Unlike all other groups, neutral words dont have a special stylistic colouring and are devoid of emotional meaning.

Common standard literary words

Common standard literary words are chiefly used in writing and in polished speech. They are used in formal communication. Literary words are mainly observed in the written form. One can always tell a literary word from a colloquial word, because literary words are used to satisfy communicative demands of official, scientific, poetic messages, while colloquial words are employed in non-official everyday communication.

Literary words stand in opposition to colloquial words forming pairs of synonyms which are based on contrasting relations.

Colloquial Neutral Literary

kid child infant

daddy father parent

get out go away retire

go on continue proceed

Common standard colloquial words

Common colloquial words are always more emotionally colored than literary ones. They are used in informal communication.

Both literary and colloquial words have their upper and lower ranges. The lower range of literary words approaches the neutral layer and has a tendency to pass into that layer. The upper range of the colloquial layer can easily pass into the neutral layer too. The lines of demarcation between common colloquial and neutral and common literary and neutral are blurred. Here we may see the process of interpenetration of the stylistic layers. The stylistic function of the different layers of the English Vocabulary depends in many respects on their interaction when they are opposed to one another. It is interesting to note that anything written assumes a greater degree of significance than what is only spoken. If the spoken takes the place of the written or vice versa, it means that we are faced with a stylistic device.

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Neutral words, which form the bulk of the English vocabulary, are used in both literary and colloquial language. Neutral words are the main source of synonymy and polysemy. It is the neutral stock of words that is so far prolific in the production of new meanings. Common literary words are chiefly used in writing and in polished speech. Common colloquial vocabulary overlaps into the standard English vocabulary and is therefore to be considered part of it. It borders both on the neutral vocabulary and on the special colloquial vocabulary, which falls out of the standard English altogether. The stylistic function of the different strata of the English vocabulary depends not so much on the inner qualities of each of the groups, as on their interaction when they are opposed to one another.

Specific literary vocabulary a) Terms Terms are generally associated with a definite branch of science and therefore with a series of other terms belonging to that particular branch of science. Terms are characterized by a tendency to be monosemantic and therefore easily call forth the required concept. Terms may appear in scientific style, newspaper style, publicistic style, the belles-lettres style, etc.

b) Poetic and highly literary words b) Poetic and highly literary words First of all poetic words belong to a definite style of language and perform in it their direct function. If encountered in another style of speech, they assume a new function, mainly satirical, for the two notions, poetry and prose, have been opposed to each other from time immemorial. Poetic language has special means of communication. Poetic words and ser expressions make the utterance understandable only to a limited number of readers. It is mainly due to poeticisms that poetical language is sometimes called poetical jargon.

c) Archaic words c) Archaic words The word stock of a language is in an increasing state of change. We’ll distinguish 3 stages in the aging process of words: 1) the beginning of the aging process when the word becomes rarely used. Such words are called obsolescent 2) The second group of archaic words are those that have already gone completely out of use but are still recognized by the English speaking community. These words are called obsolete. 3) The third group, which may be called archaic proper, are words which are no longer recognized in modern English.

d) Barbarisms and foreign words d) Barbarisms and foreign words Barbarisms are words of foreign origin which have not entirely been assimilated into the English language. Barbarisms, are also considered to be on the outskirts of the literary language. Most of them have corresponding English synonyms. Barbarisms are not made conspicuous in the text unless they bear a special load of stylistic information. Foreign words do not belong to the English vocabulary. Many foreign words and phrases have little by little entered the class of words named barbarisms and many of these barbarisms have gradually lost their foreign peculiarities.

e) literary coinages e) literary coinages Every period in the development of a language produces an enormous number of new words or new meanings of established words. Most of them do not live long. They are coined for use at the moment of speech, and therefore possess a peculiar property – that of temporariness. There are 2 types of newly coined words: 1) those which designate new-born concepts, may be named terminological coinages or terminological neologisms; 2) words coined because their creators seek expressive utterance may be named stylistic coinages or stylistic neologism. Neologisms are mainly coined according to the productive models for word-building in the given languages.

Special colloquial vocabulary a) Slang The “New Oxford English Dictionary” defines slang as follows: 1) the special vocabulary used by any set of persons of low or disreputable character; language of a low and vulgar type…; 2) the cant or jargon of a certain class or period; 3) language of highly colloquial type considered as below the level of standard educated speech, and consisting either of new words or current words employed in some special sense.

b) Jargonisms b) Jargonisms Jargon is a recognized term for a group of words that exist in almost every language and whose aim is to preserve secrecy within one or another social group. Jargonisms are generally old words with entirely new meanings imposed on them. Most of the jargonisms of any language are absolutely incomprehensible to those outside the social group which has invented them. They may be defined as a code within a code. Jargonisms are social in character.

c) Professionalisms c) Professionalisms Professionalisms are the words used in a definite trade, profession or calling by people connected by common interests both at work or at home. Professional words name anew already existing concepts, tools or instruments, and have the typical properties of a special code. Their main feature is technicality. They are monosemantic.

d) Dialectal words d) Dialectal words Dialectal words are those which in the process of integration of the English national language remained beyond its literary boundaries, and their use is generally confined to a definite locality. There sometimes is confusion between the terms dialectal, slang and vernacular. All these groups when used in emotive prose are meant to characterize the speaker as a person of a certain locality, breeding, education, etc. Some dialectal words are universally accepted as recognized units of the standard colloquial English.

e) Vulgar words e) Vulgar words The term vulgarism is rather misleading. Webster’s “New International Dictionary” defines vulgarism as “a vulgar phrase or expression, or one used only in colloquial, or, esp. in unrefined or low, speech”. I.R.Galperin defines vulgarisms as expletives or swear-words and obscene words and expressions. There are different degrees of vulgar words. Some of them, the obscene ones, are called “four-letter” words. A lesser degree of vulgarity is presented by expletives and they sometimes appear in euphemistic spelling.

f) Colloquial coinages f) Colloquial coinages Colloquial coinages (nonce-words) are spontaneous and elusive. Most of them disappear from the language leaving no trace in it. Some nonce-words and meanings may acquire legitimacy and thus become facts of the language, while on the other hand they may be classified as literary or colloquial according to which of the meanings is being dealt with.

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