Реферат о строительстве на английском
Обновлено: 05.07.2024
Строить – Build [ bɪld ]
Дом – House [ haʊs ]
Контракт, договор – Contract [ ˈkɑːntrækt ]
Заказчик – Customer [ ˈkʌstəmər ]
Кран – Crane [ kreɪn ]
Архитектура – Architecture [ ˈɑːr.kɪ.tek.tʃɚ ]
Кирпич – Brick [ brɪk ]
Чердак – Attic [ ˈæt̬- ]
Крыша – Roof [ ruːf ]
Фасад – Facade [ fəˈsɑːd ]
Объём работ – Scope of work [ skoʊp ]
Жилой – Residential [ ˌrez.ɪˈden.ʃəl ]
Конструкция, постройка – Construction [ kənˈstrʌkʃn ]
Хочешь жить долго, строй деревянный дом.
Хочешь, чтоб дом долго стоял, строй каменный.
If you want to live long, build a wooden house. If you want the house to stand for a long time, then you need to build a stone house
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Ура! Hам предложили крупный контракт на постройку 12-этажного жилого дома. Hooray! We were offered a large contract for the construction of a 12-storey residential building.
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Заказчик требует назвать конкретные сроки.
The customer requires a time frame.
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Обсуждали проект. Алексей предлагает крупноблочную архитектуру. Иван говорит, что блоки громоздкие, плохо стыкуются друг с другом, содержат много лишнего и вообще еще неизвестно, какие у них там внутри трещины. Hастаивает, что все надо строить по старинке, из кирпича, хоть это и намного дольше.
They discussed the project. Alexey offers a large-block architecture. Ivan says that the blocks are bulky, do not fit well with each other, there is a lot of superfluous and in general is still unknown what they have there inside the crack. He insists that everything should be built in the old-fashioned way, out of bricks, although this is longer.
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Алекс строит чердак и крышу. Поскольку верхних этажей еще нет, строить приходится на земле. Потом поднимем краном. Alex is building an attic and a roof. Since there are still no upper floors, it is necessary to build on the ground. Then we lift the crane.
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– Что будем строить? What are we going to build?
– Утеплять фасад здания, используя технологию ветилируемых фасадов. Warming the facade of the building, using the technology of vetilated facades.
– Кто будет закупать материал? Who will buy the material?
– Заказчик. Что вам нужно? Customer. What you need?
– По проэкту нужна вата шириной 100 мм, крепления и другое. The project requires cotton wool 100 mm wide, fasteners and other.
– За один квадратный метр заказчик предлагает работникам 1000 рублей, вы согласны? For one square meter, the customer offers employees 1,000 rubles, do you agre
– Каков общий объём работы? What is the total amount of work?
– 3000 квадратных метров. 3000 square meters
– Да, давайте составим договор. Yes, let’s draft a contract.
Architectural works, in the material form of buildings. The National Congress of Brazil and Sydney Opera House, designed by Oscar Niemeyer and Jorn Utzon. Modern concepts of architecture. Contemporary architecture, modernism, reaction of architecture.
| Рубрика | Строительство и архитектура |
| Предмет | Architecture |
| Вид | реферат |
| Язык | английский |
| Прислал(а) | хома |
| Дата добавления | 13.01.2012 |
| Размер файла | 17,4 K |
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A major question in modern architecture is how construction technology plays into architectural form. Does construction technology validate a building as modern architecture? Can modern architecture exist without construction technology? My answer to both questions is no. This paper will analyze modern architecture and the role technology plays in creating it. Examining the Farnsworth House by Mies van der Rohe will help support my claim.
Architecture exists as a fingerprint of the society from which it grows. It is a physical, spatial, experiential interpretation of realities we’ve created around us. Technology is what our present world revolves around so of course it plays a prime role in modern architecture. But the presence of construction technology does not render as architecture until the form it creates has evolved past a mere physical entity into an experiential existence. I have chosen the Farnsworth House because it is one of the purest forms of modern architecture I know today. The energy behind Mies van der Rohe’s work is free from restraints of a specific order, lead only by structural clarity and simplicity. One of his most famous statements, ‘less is more’, is backed up in full by the Farnsworth house.
The House consists of parallel floor and ceiling planes measuring 29×77 feet, sandwiching a steel skeleton enclosed by a continuous glass-plane skin. This is levitated five feet above ground by eight face-mounted H-section columns extending to the roof edge. A smaller terrace plane is placed asymmetrically to the side. This levitates between the house floor and the ground via six H-section column stubs, two of which are shared with the house. The exterior floor planes are made of gravel filled steel drain pans topped by open-jointed paving. Interior floor and roof are steel framed. Welds are ground smooth and then painted white. Other than a free individually symmetrical structure placed just off-center, the interior plan is open letting light travel completely through the structure.
A perfect balance of symmetry and asymmetry is created through these pieces. Ornamentation does not exist, as his goal is to emphasize architectonic qualities without the ‘fluff’ – no distractions. Every element of the structure is constructed to craftsman quality. Everything from the manufactured beams to the method of connecting the pieces is absolutely modern. The application of these simple modern construction methods allowed this architectural creation to exist. This is where construction technology evolved into architecture. The levitation, continuous planes of glass, and minimalist organization of the interior all contribute to a sense of weightlessness and connection to the surrounding nature. Each line and plane is created specifically for this piece of architecture. Having absolutely no formal relation to previously composed architectural orders and with its key focus toward spatial definition, abstraction, and proportions, the Farnsworth house is emphatically modern.
The Farnsworth house demonstrates the harmonization of form, function, and construction into a successful architectural existence. I often see buildings today whose design is blinded by practicality. Even while they incorporate very similar construction technology, there design goes no further than filling a need for particular space, leaving the point of architecture off of the pallet. Construction technology lets us build pretty much whatever we want; kind of like a synthesizer lets a musician create sounds that where never possible before. With that next level of construction in our reach we’ve been able to reach the next level of the architectural experience and expression.
The Architecture.
The science of building is Architecture. Any engineer cannot take a form of the building without consideration of structural principles, materials, social and economic requirements. The coexistence of change and survival is evident in all phases of the human story. This change and repetition is clearly illustrated in any architectural style. The historical background ofarchitecture is the value of our cultural heritage. The heritage of the past cannot be ignored. Such recognition of continuity does not imply repetition or imitation. It must be expressed in contemporary terminology.
Writing on architecture is almost as old as writing itself, There are a lot of books on the theory of architecture, on the art of a building and on the aesthetic appearance of buildings.The oldest book is a work of Marcus Vitruvius Pollio, written in the first century B.C. Nearly two thousand years ago the Roman architect Vitruvius set the principles upon which buildings should be designed. He was the first who listed three basic factors in architecture — "convenience, strength and beauty". The sequence of these three basic aims — "convenience, strength and beauty" — has its ownsignificance.
It is impossible for a true architect to think of one of them without considering the other two as well. Thus architectural design entails a consideration of the constant interaction of these factors. At last we can say that every element in a building has a triple implication. At the same time its contemporary expression must be creative and consequently new.
Architecture is anart. The triple nature of architectural design is one of the reasons why architecture is a difficult art. The architect does not first plan a building from the point of view of convenience, then designs around his plan a strong construction to shelter it, and finally adjusts and decorates the whole to make it pretty. It takes him a special type of imagination as well as long years of training andexperience to produce a designer capable of making the requisite in the light of these three factors — "use, construction, aesthetic effect" - simultaneously. First of all, the designer must have sufficient knowledge of engineering, building materials to enable him to create economically. I see, any building is built because of some definite human need, The use problem — "convenience" - istherefore primary. In addition, the designer must possess the creative imagination which will enable him to integrate the plan and the construction into one harmonious whole. The architect's feeling of satisfaction in achieving such as integration is one of his greatest rewards.
We can not ignore the heritage of the past. There are different styles and kinds of architecture in the past around theworld. It is not a secret, that various cultures have left their imprint on history through their great monuments and buildings, great castles and cathedrals. The oldest monuments which are met within architecture are great structures such as Egyptian pyramids, the Parthenon in Athens, the Roman Pantheon, and Hagia Sophia in the "New Rome", Constantinople, great castles and cathedrals of the MiddleAges, the palaces of the Renaissance and the civil engineering infrastructure of the industrial revolution. Great architects and engineers followed an integrated process of conception, design and construction. This integrated construction process persisted through the end of the nineteenth century, when the Roebling family (John, Washington, and Emily) designed and built the Brooklyn Bridge.
Itwas mentioned, that Architecture is the science of building. A man who designs buildings and makes the plans for them is called an architect. First of all, an architect has to think what he wants to build. He must not forget what it is to be used for. He must not forget the sort of material to be used in the building. It may be stone, a brick, wood or steel and concrete.
It is difficult to imagine modern structure without concrete. Concrete is the very building material which led to great structural innovations. The most important quality is its property to be formed into large and strong monolithic units. The basic materials for making concrete are cement, aggregate and water. Cement is the most essential material and the most important one for making concrete of high quality. Cement is made of limestone and clay. It is burnt at high temperature and ground up into powder. During the grinding a small percentage of raw gypsum is added otherwise it would set too quickly. Depending on the kind and composition of the raw materials different types of cement are obtained: Portland cement, blast furnace cement, rapid-hardening cement and many others.
Concrete is made by binding together particles of sand and gravel, stone or broken brick. The binding agent used is a paste of Portland cement and water, in suitable proportions. When water is added to the cement, hydration takes place. This causes the whole mixture to set and harden, forming a solid mass. Cement starts hardening one hour after the water has been added and the process of hardening lasts for about twenty-eight days. The process is called concrete curing. The strength of concrete under favourable conditions increases with age. The strength of concrete is very rapid in the early stages, but continues more slowly for an indefinite period amounting to years. The sand, gravel (or broken stone) are termed “aggregate”; sand is known as “fine aggregate”, and gravel as “coarse aggregate”. Concrete can be made on a building site and poured into position as a wet mix, or it may be used as the materials for making prefabricated units in a plant.
2. The water used for mixing cements, limes and plasters must be reasonably clean. Pond, river and canal water often contain different impurities and should not be used without examination. Water fit for drinking can be assumed to be free from harmful ingredients. Excess of water is detrimental to the ultimate strength of the concrete.
3. The sand should be clean. Therefore, if impurities are present, the binding is affected.
Concrete can be divided into two classes: mass or plain concrete and reinforced concrete (ferro-concrete) where it is necessary to introduce steel. Plain or mass concrete can be used for almost all building purposes. Ferro-concrete is used in building bridges and arches, dams and dock-walls, for structures underwater, for foundations, columns and beams. The use of concrete and ferro-concrete is almost universal.
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