Реферат education in usa

Обновлено: 08.07.2024

Под системой образования понимается совокупность образовательных программ и стандартов, сеть образовательных учреждений и органов управления, а также комплекс принципов, определяющих функционирование системы. Характер системы образования в любом государстве определяется социально-экономическим, политическим строем, культурно-историческим, национальными особенностями страны.

Содержание

Введение
Глава 1. История становления и развития образовательной системы Соединенных Штатах Америки
Глава 2. Организация и структура образования в Соединенных Штатах Америки
2.1. Дошкольное образование
2.2. Начальное и среднее образование
2.3. Высшее образование
Заключение
Список использованных источников

Введение

В современном мире насчитывается множество образовательных систем. Состояние образования в зарубежных странах целесообразно рассмотреть на примере наиболее развитых государств, так как им в большей степени присущи ведущие тенденции характеризующие как положительные, так и отрицательные стороны образовательной системы.

Соединенные Штаты Америки являются одной из самых развитых стран.

Америка – это страна больших возможностей, страна контрастов, скорости, стабильности и размеренности жизни. Огромное количество языковых школ, университетов, колледжей и бизнес-школ привлекают студентов со всего мира. Университеты и школы США имеют высокий рейтинг и известны во всем мире. Американские ВУЗы стремятся отвечать самым передовым требованиям, как в сфере теоретических разработок, так и в области практических исследований. Неудивительно, что получить высшее образование в США и выучить английский язык за рубежом — мечта многих студентов.

Рассмотрим историю становления и развития образовательной системы Соединенных Штатах Америки;

— познакомимся со структурой образования в Соединенных Штатах Америки.

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Глава 1. История становления и развития образовательной системы Соединенных Штатах Америки

История становления системы образования США началась в первые десятилетия XVII века, когда англичане приступили к колонизации Северной Америки. Известно, что первые английские колонии появились на территории нынешнего штата Виргиния (1607 г.) и на берегах залива Массачусетс (1620 г.). Когда в Америке появились первые европейские колонисты, перед ними встало два вопроса: что из своего культурного наследия им следует сохранить, и от чего отказаться, и как сохранить и приумножить это наследие? Их ответом стала городская школа. На протяжении 30 лет после того, как в Массачусетсе возникло первое поселение (1620 г.), всем городам предписывалось нанимать школьных учителей для обучения детей чтению, письму, арифметике и Закону Божьему. От городов покрупнее требовали и создания средних школ для подготовки подрастающего поколения к обучению в университете. В 1787 г. Совет континента распорядился, чтобы каждое новое поселение на северо-западной территории, выделяло участок земли для бесплатной средней школы.

Если говорить об университетах, то Гарвард (Массачусетс) был основан в 1636 г., а Уильям и Мэри (Вирджиния) в 1693 г. В 1776 г., накануне революции в Америке насчитывалось четырнадцать колледжей; к 1800 г. к ним добавилось еще двадцать. В те времена школа не только сохраняла элементы классического образования, но и обучала ремеслам, необходимым для становления новой североамериканской нации. Американцы многое заимствовали у английской, французской и немецкой систем обучения. Это привело к тому, что к середине XIX в. в учебной программе той же самой школы уже были такие предметы, как латинский язык, животноводство, арифметика и ведение домашнего хозяйства.

По мере продвижения на запад американцы продолжали верить в необходимость школьного обучения. Однако поселениям предстояло приспособиться к условиям среднезападных прерий и юго-западных пустынь. Имея по Конституции юрисдикцию над своими школами, каждый штат сам определял учебные планы, критерии и задачи обучения. Все общины изыскивали денежные средства для строительства школ и оплаты труда учителей. Несмотря на значительную разницу в подходе к образованию, отношение к школе во всех частях страны было схожим.

В 1834 г. в штате Пенсильвания сложилась бесплатная система школ, финансируемая за счет государственных средств и находящаяся под контролем общественности. В 1865 г. к концу Гражданской войны образование — от начальной школы до университета — становилось доступным для всех и привлекало в свою систему самых достойных членов общества. Государственная школа стала тем сосудом, в котором формировалось своеобразие американской цивилизации.

В этом смысле школы служили питательной средой, превращавшей в настоящих американцев массы иммигрантов, которые огромными волнами прибывали в Америку в конце ХIХ-начале XX вв. В тех школах, где преподавание велось только на английском языке, учащиеся должны были изучать грамматику, литературу, американскую историю, основы государства и историю цивилизации. На самом деле, Америка XX в. вышла из национализма, в формирование которого школы внесли немалую лепту, а ее быстро растущая экономика во многом явилась результатом привитой школой любви к технике.

Считаясь с повседневными требованиями жизни, колледжи и университеты развивали и совершенствовали подобные институты в целях социальной интеграции. Государственные университеты носят теперь имена своих штатов, а их достижения считаются достижениями штата. Работа их технических и сельскохозяйственных факультетов была призвана способствовать развитию штата, а расширенные программы по ведению сельского и домашнего хозяйства разрабатывались для того, чтобы плоды научных исследований приносили пользу жителям штата. Частные университеты достаточно долго стояли особняком, считая себя национальными институтами, имеющими дело со всеобщими истинами в их классическом понимании. Пожертвования их удачливых выпускников позволяли им расти точно так же, как налоговые поступления обеспечивали процветание государственных университетов.

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Сложнее обстоит дело с решением вопроса об учебном плане колледжей. С одной стороны, студенты ожидают, что университетское образование введет их в мир сложных технологий и подготовит к постоянно растущей конкуренции на рынке рабочей силы. С другой, преподаватели, воспитанные в духе классических традиций, жалуются на то, что все меньше студентов изъявляют желание серьезно заняться изучением искусства, естественных наук, философии и истории. Несмотря на продолжающиеся споры по вопросу о гуманитарных науках, многие студенты понимают, что наличие у них ученых степеней вовсе не дает им шансов на профессиональную карьеру. В ближайшие десятилетия высшее образование все больше будет становиться источником духовного обогащения и все меньше вести к профессиональному успеху.

Однако, несмотря на многочисленные проблемы, система образования в Соединенных Штатах уже добилась больших успехов и постоянно стремится к новым достижениям. Продолжается работа по предоставлению всем желающим учиться равных возможностей в получении образования; ширится кампания по повышению его качества. Финансовая поддержка системы государственных районных школ практически остается на прежнем уровне, а по масштабам средств, выделяемых на образование, Америка выгодно отличается от других развитых стран мира. Главное же состоит в том, что все в стране сходятся в одном: полноценное образование должно быть доступно каждому, начиная с детского сада и кончая университетом.

Глава 2. Организация и структура образования в Соединенных Штатах Америки

Современная система образования США, сложившаяся под влиянием исторических, экономических и социальных факторов, характеризуется рядом особенностей, которые во многом отличают ее от западноевропейских стандартов.

В США отсутствует единая государственная система образования, каждый штат вправе определять ее структуру самостоятельно.

В США насчитывается около 115 тысяч школ. Как и в других капиталистических странах, в США школы делятся: на государственные (public school) (в этих школах учится подавляющее большинство американских детей) и частные. Эти школы финансируются из различных источников.

Система образования в целом на современном этапе в США представляет собой многоуровневую cодержательную структуру, построенную по возрастному принципу и включающую в себя 4 уровня: дошкольное (pre-school education), начальное школьное (elementary education), среднее школьное (secondary education) и высшее специальное профессиональное (higher education) образование.

— Дошкольное образование включает два уровня: ясли (nursery school) и детский сад (kindergarten).

— Школьное образование включает в себя два уровня: начальное и среднее образование (elementary and secondary education). Начальное школьное образование (Elementary education) включает в себя первую ступень, начальную школу и начальную элементарную школу (1st grade, primary school и elementary school). Сpеднее школьное образование (Secondary education) в США делится обычно на две ступени – младшую (junior high school) и стаpшую (high school) школу, в каждой из которых учатся три года.

— Школьное образование в целом (schooling) включает 12 академических классов (grade) от первого — first grade до 12 — twelfth grade, каждый из которых длится 1 академический год.

— Школьных программ в США много. Единый учебный план (в отличие от России и большинства европейских стран) отсутствует, что связано с автономным положением каждого штата.

About basic education in the USA today. Public, private schools in the USA. Course content and teaching methods in educating students. Early childhood education, elementary school and high school. Criticism of American education, problems and solutions.

Рубрика	Иностранные языки и языкознание
Вид	реферат
Язык	английский
Дата добавления	26.11.2010
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I like my school very much because I have spent the best years of my short life there. But in spite of it I dislike the whole system of education. What concerns my school the pupils are not free in their choice of the subjects.

The higher education is the level of knowledge which is gained in higher educational institutions on the basis of senior secondary education, necessary for experts of the top skills in different branches of the national economy, science and culture.
The graduates of full high schools having diplomas about the termination of the high high school go to the American universities. Training in the American higher education institutions is conducted on three main levels with different contents and appointment.
Already fact of receipt in one of the most prestigious universities of the USA means certain success for the graduate of high school. From three million people who annually leave secondary school about one million continue to study to graduate. Successful entrants are usually selected on the following signs:
– estimates in the school certificate;
– the recommendations made by school teachers;
– impression which the entrant makes during the introductory interviews at university;
– result of the tests defining suitability to study and scientific work.

The system of the higher education in the United States includes categories of educational institutions, universities into which enter:
A) Several faculties for the students wishing to receive the bachelor's degree (training term – 4 years);
B) A postgraduate study for those who are going to continue education after receiving degree of the bachelor that then to receive degree of the master or doctor of science;
C) Four-year educational institutions – colleges – which mostly are not a part of universities; technical educational institutions where graduates of high school can take courses term of half a year up to four years and get the most various professions – from hairdresser's business before accounting and computer programming; biennial municipal colleges after which pupils can or begin to work in any area or to come to four-year college.

Many Americans consider that the possibility of achievement of good or higher income is connected with education. For some professions – law, medicine, pedagogics, engineering specialties – the education given by college is the necessary first step. The school certificate does not give sufficient preparation for the majority of kinds of activity.
At the choice of university or college Americans need to learn not only about requirements for receipt in educational institution, they should think also and of many other.

At faculties of university the four-year course of "humanities" upon termination of which the graduate gains the bachelor's degree in such areas knowledge as history, languages, philosophy is usually offered. Many humanitarian colleges offer also the bachelor's degrees on physics, chemistry and other natural sciences. Technical schools offer such objects as agricultural industry or production management with training courses of various extent. At the American university each faculty and each postgraduate study have the own training program.

Students choose for themselves the "main" courses (area in which they want to gain the diploma) and a number of "open classrooms" (courses which it is not obligatory for them to study, but it is possible). Usually in order that after four years of training in a higher educational institution to gain the diploma, the student has to pass a certain number of tests at the passable courses (in total about 120). For this purpose visit of lectures, successful performance of all tasks and examination is necessary.
Speaking about the process of training, the main element of educational process is the lecture. For assimilation and fixing of the material stated in lectures student's streams often divide into groups till 15-30 of people. Each group meets one or two times a week and under the leadership of the teacher discusses the questions stated in a lecture.
Students periodically submit papers, reports and answer questions that allows to monitor assimilation of a training material by them. In many higher education institutions teachers demand obligatory visit of occupations and take corrective actions on passing them.
Insistence at examinations is quite high. The highest mark is "A", the following positive estimatesare "B", "C", "D", and chanceless assessment is "F".
For obtaining the honors degree to study insufficiently well. It is necessary to study some courses which specially appear as courses for honors degrees. Therefore the student has an opportunity irrespective of the installed program to increase the knowledge.

Высшее образование в США.

Высшее образование – это уровень знаний, которые получают в высших учебных заведениях на базе полного среднего образования, необходимый специалистам высшей квалификации в разных отраслях народного хозяйства, науки и культуры.
В американские вузы поступают выпускники полных средних школ, имеющие дипломы об окончании старшей средней школы.

Обучение в американских вузах ведется по трем основным уровням с разным содержанием и назначением.
Уже сам факт поступления в один из наиболее престижных университетов США означает для выпускника средней школы определенный успех. Из трех миллионов человек, которые ежегодно оканчивают среднюю школу, примерно миллион продолжает учиться, чтобы получить высшее образование. Удачливых абитуриентов обычно отбирают по следующим признакам:
– оценки в школьном аттестате;
– рекомендации, данные школьными учителями;
– впечатление, которое абитуриент производит во время вступительных собеседований в университете;
– результат тестов, определяющих пригодность к учебе и научной работе.

Система высшего образования в Соединенных Штатах включает категории учебных заведений, в которые входят:
А) Несколько факультетов для студентов, желающих получить степень бакалавра (срок обучения – 4 года);
Б) Аспирантура для тех, кто собирается продолжать образование после получения степени бакалавра, чтобы затем получить степень магистра или доктора наук;
В) Четырехгодичные учебные заведения – колледжи – которые по большей части не входят в состав университетов; технические учебные заведения, где выпускники средней школы могут прослушать курсы сроком от полугода до четырех лет и приобрести самые разнообразные профессии – от парикмахерского дела до бухгалтерского учета и компьютерного программирования; двухгодичные муниципальные колледжи, после которых учащиеся могут либо начать работать в какой-либо области, либо поступить в четырехгодичный колледж.

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The Education System of the USA

The United States of America has a national Department of Education, but each state is in charge of its own educational system. In addition, individual cities and regions have great control over the schools in that city or region. So, while it is possible to discuss American education in general, the specifics change from place to place in the country.

There are three levels of education in the USA: primary, secondary and higher education. At each level there are public and private schools, that is, schools, which are provided by the government, and schools that are run by individuals, churches or other organizations.

In most states, pupils begin primary school, also called “elementary” school, at the age of 6 or 7. Although it is not required, many children attend kindergarten for one year before entering first grade. They attend primary school for 4, 5 or 6 years. All children attend the elementary school of America.

Secondary schools are divided into two types. The first, called middle schools or junior high schools are attended for 2, 3 or 4 years. The second, called high schools are attended for 3 or 4 years. Each year is called a “grade”. Many schools in the USA are organized according to a 5-3-4 pattern, that is, a five-year elementary school programme, a three-year middle-school programme and a four-year high-school programme. Another common pattern is 6-3-3, with 6-2-4 and 4-4-4 patterns also occasionally followed.

Children from the first through the twelfth grade are all called students. In fact, anyone studying, from kindergarten through advanced university, is called a student in America. Sometimes schoolchildren are called “first-graders”, “second-graders” and so on. The last four years of school, they are sometimes known by different names also. Ninth-graders can be called “freshman”, tenth-graders “sophomores”, eleventh-graders ‘juniors” and twelfth-graders “seniors.” These are the same names used for the four years of college or university.

The system of secondary school education in the USA includes different kinds of schools: public and private, large and small, urban and rural, traditional and experimental. In secondary schools, all students study English, mathematics, history and science. Other subjects are selected by the students according to their interests. Other classes may include foreign languages, typing or sewing, art or music, metal or woodworking, agriculture or mechanics. Students study from six to ten subjects at a time. Children in the United States are required to attend school either through the end of their secondary education or until they are 16 years old or older. If they want, to go to college or university, students must complete secondary school. Students who have completed secondary education are said to have “graduated” and they receive a diploma.

When they have finished their secondary education, students take one of a number of general tests. They submit their scores on the test, their grades from school and an application describing themselves to the universities and colleges where they want to study. The universities and colleges choose the best and most interesting students.

Higher education in the USA is organized differently from in Europe. There are public and private universities and colleges in the USA. Colleges and universities give the same type of education. Universities are generally bigger and are made up of several colleges. They also give graduate degrees, and are often centres for research. Independent colleges are smaller and give students more individual attention.

The first level of higher education in America is the “undergraduate” level, which usually requires four years of study. Students finishing this level receive “bachelor’s degrees.” People completing the second level of higher education receive “master’s degrees.” This usually takes between two and four years more. People completing the third level of higher education receive “doctorates.” The second and third levels of higher education are called the “graduate” levels.

Comprehension Questions

Who controls the educational system of the USA?
What are the three levels of education in the USA? Of what does each level consist?
What are the most common patterns of school programmes in the USA?
What subjects do all students study in secondary school? What subjects are optional?
What is the procedure for entering a college or university in America?
How is higher education organized in America?

Discussion Questions

How do the subjects that American students study differ from those in your school?
Name as many ways as you can that the American system of education is different from that of Uzbekistan. What are the advantages and disadvantages of each system?
Explain what an American student must do to enter university. Then explain what an Uzbek student must do to enter university. How are these different? Which would you rather do? Why?
What are the levels of higher education in Uzbekistan? Who do you know who has reached each level? Why would a person want to study at each level?

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General Pattern of Education in the USA

The general pattern of education in the USA is an eight-year elementary school, followed by a four-year high school. This has been called 8—4 plan organization. It is proceeded, in many localities, by nursery schools and kindergartens. It is followed by a four-year college and professional schools. This traditional pattern, however, has been varied in many different ways. The 6—3— 3 plan consists of a six-year elementary school, a three-year junior high school, and a three-year senior high school. Another variation is a 6—6 plan organization, with a six-year elementary school followed by a six-year secondary school.

American education provides a program for children, beginning at the age of 6 and continuing up to the age of 16 in some of the states, and to
18 in others.

The elementary school in the United States is generally considered to include the first six or eight grades of the common-school system, depending upon the organization that has been accepted for the secondary school. It has been called the "grade school" or the "grammar school".

There is no single governmental agency to prescribe for the
American school system, different types of organization and of curriculum are tried out.

The length of the school year varies among the states. Wide variation exists also in the length of the school day. A common practice is to have school in session from 9:00 to 12:00 in the morning and from 1:00 to 3:30 in the afternoon, Monday through Friday. The school day for the lower grades is often from 30 minutes to an hour shorter. Most schools require some homework to be done by elementary pupils. Elementary Schools, High
Schools and Institutions of Higher Learning

Elementary Schools, High Schools and Institutions of Higher Learning

There are eight years of elementary schooling. The elementary school is followed by four years of secondary school, or high school. Often the last two years of elementary and the first years of secondary school are combined into a junior high school.

The school year is nine months in length, beginning early in September and sometimes a shorter one in spring. There are slight variations from place to place. Students enter the first grade at the age of six and attendance is compulsory in most states until the age of sixteen or until the student has finished the eighth grade.

The elementary schools tend to be small. The high schools are generally larger and accommodate pupils from four or five elementary schools. A small town generally has several elementary schools and one high school. In some rural communities the one-room country school house still exists. Here may be found from five to twenty-five pupils in grades one through eight, all taught by the same teacher.

Admission to the American high school is automatic on completion of the elementary school. During the four-year high school program the student studies four or five major subjects per year, and classes in each of these subjects meet for an hour a day, five days a week. In addition, the student usually has classes in physical education, music, and art several times a week. If he fails a course, he repeats only that course and not the work of the entire year. Students must complete a certain number of courses in order to receive a diploma, or a certificate of graduation.

Institutions of higher learning supported by public funds are not absolutely free. The state colleges and universities charge a fee for tuition or registration. This fee is higher for those who come from outside the state. Working one's way through college is commonplace.

Usually there is no admission examination required by a state university for those who have finished high school within the state.
Sometimes a certain pattern of high school studies is necessary, however, and some state universities require a certain scholastic average, or average of high school grades.

Private colleges and universities, especially the larger, well-known ones such as Harvard, Princeton, and Yale, have rigid scholastic requirements for entrance, including an examination.

It usually takes four years to meet the requirements for a Bachelor of
Arts or Bachelor of Science degree.A Master of Arts or Master of Science degree may be obtained in one or two additional years.The highest academic degree is the Doctor of Philosophy.It may take any number of years to complete the original research work necessary to obtain this degree.

Higher Education Institutions

It has become common for the college program to be divided into broad fields,such as languages and literature,the social sciences,the sciences and mathematics, and the fine arts.Many colleges require all freshmen and sophomores to take one or two full-year courses in each of three fields.Certain Courses,such as English or history,may be required for all,with some election permitted in the other fields.

Higher educational institutions usually are governed by a board of regents or a board of trustees.

The executive head of a college or a university is usually called the president. The various colleges or schools which take up a university are headed by deans. Within a school or college there may be departments according to subject matter fields, each of which may be headed by a professor who is designated as department head or chairman. Other members of the faculty hold academic ranks, such as instructor, assistant professor, associate professor, and professor. Graduate students who give some part-time service may be designated as graduate assistants or fellows.
Professional education in fields such as agriculture, dentistry, law, engineering, medicine, pharmacy, teaching, etc. is pursued in professional schools which may be part of a university or may be separate institutions which confine their instruction to a single profession. Often two, three, or four years of pre-professional liberal arts education are required before admission to a professional school. Three to five years of specialized training lead to professional degrees such as Doctor of
Medicine, Bachelor of Law, etc.

Private and State Colleges and Universities

Harvard College was established in 1636, with the principal purpose of providing a literate ministry1 for colonial churches. It was a small institution, enrolling only 20 students in 1642 and 60 in 1660. It soon became more than a theological training school2 and established itself as a liberal arts college. The next institution of higher learning established in the American colonies was the College of William and Mary, which opened in 1693 at Williamsburg, Virginia. Other colleges were founded in the next century, but all of them remained small schools for long periods. Students entered at the age of 14 and remained until they were 18, and the curriculum, while rigidly academic and classic was by modern standards rather secondary in nature.

Private colleges and universities were established in various states.
The first state university was the University of Virginia, founded in 1819.
Some state universities have large endowment funds1 which provide a substantial portion of their support. Other sources of income are student fees, gifts and endowments.

In general, higher education in the USA may be divided into two broad fields: liberal arts and professional. Each of these fields may be further subdivided into undergraduate and graduate levels. The liberal arts program, on the undergraduate level, may be a two-year junior college course, or a four-year course leading to a degree of Bachelor of Arts or
Bachelor of Science. The four-year course is usually subdivided into a lower division (which may be called the junior college), consisting of the two first years, and the upper division, which is the last two years. The first two years continue the general education and specialization begins in the third year.

Teaching Profession in the USA

Requirements for teachers' certificate vary among 50 states. Usually the state department of education, or a state certification board, issues certificates which permit teachers to be employed within the state. Forty- four of the 50 states require at least the completion of a four-year course, with the bachelor's degree, as a minimum for high school teaching: the tendency to require a fifth year beyond the bachelor's degree is increasing. Graduation from a two-year normal school or at least two years of college education is the minimum requirement for elementary teaching in
36 states; others demand the completion of a four-year course and the bachelor's degree.

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