Parts of speech реферат

(1) the noun

The nounis a word which expresses substance. The concept of substance includes names of living beings, lifeless things, names of abstract notions, qualities, states, actions (fight, sleep).Morphological characteristics:two numbers (Sg, Pl); two case forms: the common case and the genitive case; gender.

(2) the adjective

The adjectiveis a word expressing a quality of a substance.Morphological characteristics:degrees of comparison (the comparative degree and the superlative degree).

(3) the pronoun

The pronounis a notional part of speech which points out objects and their qualities without naming them.Grammatical categories:person (1 st , 2 nd , 3 rd ), gender, case (nominative~називний and objective~об’єктний (непрямий)), number.

Pronouns fall under the following groups:

he, she, it, we, you, they;

my, his, her, its, our, your, their; mine, his, hers, ours, yours, theirs;

(3) reflexive pronouns: myself, himself, herself, itself, ourselves, yourself (yourselves), themselves;

(4) reciprocal pronouns: each other, one another;

(5) demonstrative pronouns: this (these), that (those), such, (the) same;

(6) interrogative pronouns: who, whose, what, which;

(7) relative pronouns: who, whose, which, that, as;

(8) conjunctive pronouns: who, whose, which, what;

(9) defining pronouns: each, every, everybody, everyone, everything, all, either, both, other, another;

(10) indefinite pronouns: some, any, somebody, anybody, something, anything, someone, anyone, one;

(11) negative pronouns: no, none, neither, nobody, no one, nothing.

(4) the numeral

The numeralis a notional part of speech which indicates number of or the order of persons and things in a series. Numerals are divided intocardinalandordinal.

(5) the verb

The verbis a notional part of speech which denotes an action. The verb has the followinggrammatical categories:person, number, tense, aspect, voice, mood.

(6) the adverb

The adverbis a notional part of speech which expresses some circumstances that attend an action or state, or points out some characteristic features of an action or a quality. The most productive adverb-forming suffix is–ly:wisely, badly, quickly, hardly.Some adverbs havedegrees of comparison:well – better – the best; much – more – most; little – less – least; badly – worse – worst; fast – faster – the fastest.

According to their meaning adverbs fall under several groups:

• adverbs of time (today, tomorrow, soon);
• adverbs of repetition or frequency (often, seldom, ever, never, sometimes);
• adverbs of place and direction (inside, outside, here, there, backward, upstairs);
• adverbs of cause and consequence (therefore, consequently, accordingly);
• adverbs of manner (kindly, quickly, hard);
• adverbs of degree, measure and quantity (very, enough, half, too, nearly, almost, much, little, hardly, rather, exceedingly, quite, once, twice, firstly, secondly);
• interrogative adverbs (where, when, why, how) are used in special questions.

(7) the words of the category of state (denote the temporary state or condition of people or things: asleep, afraid, awake, alone, alive);

(8) the modal words (express the attitude of the speaker to the reality, probability or possibility of the action he speaks about: certainly, surely, of course, no doubt ~ certainty; perhaps, maybe, possibly, probably ~ supposition; luckily, unluckily, fortunately, unfortunately ~ a desirable or undesirable action);

(9) the interjection (ah, oh, eh, well, bravo, alas)

The interjection is a notional part of speech which expresses various emotions without naming them.

The structural parts of speech either express relations between words or sentences or emphasize the meaning of words or sentences. They never perform any independent function in the sentence.

1. Parts of speech are grammatical classes of words distinguished on the basis of three criteria: semantic, morphological and syntactic, i.e. meaning, form and function.

MEANING (Semantic Properties)

Each part of speech is characterized by the general meaning which is an abstraction from the lexical meanings of constituent words. (The general meaning of nouns is substance, the general meaning of verbs is process, etc.) This general meaning is understood as the categorial meaning of a class of words, or the part-of-speech meaning.

Semantic properties of a part of speech find their expression in the grammatical properties. To sleep, a sleep, sleepy, asleep refer to the same phenomenon of objective reality, but they belong to different parts of speech, as their grammatical properties are different.

So meaning is a supportive criterion which helps to check the purely grammatical criteria, those of form and function.

FORM (Morphological Properties)

The formal criterion concerns the inflexional and derivational features of words belonging to a given class, i.e. the grammatical categories (the paradigms) and derivational (stem-building, lexico-grammatical) morphemes.

This criterion is not always reliable as many words are invariable and many words contain no derivational affixes. Besides, the same derivational affixes may be used to build different parts of speech:

-ly can end an adjective, an adverb, a noun: a daily;

-tion can end a noun and a verb: to position,

Because of the limitation of meaning and form as criteria we mainly rely on a word's function as a criterion of its class.

FUNCTION (Syntactic Properties)

Syntactic properties of a class of words are the combinability of words (the distributional criterion) and typical functions in the sentence.

The three criteria of defining grammatical classes of words in English may be placed in the following order: function, form, meaning.

Parts of speech are heterogeneous classes and the boundaries are not clearly cut especially in the area of meaning; Within a part of speech there are subclasses which have all the properties of a given class and subclasses which have only some of these properties and may have features of another class. So a part of speech may be described as a field which includes both central, most typical members, and marginal, less typical members. Marginal areas of different parts of speech may overlap and there may be intermediary elements with contradictory features (statives, modal words, pronouns). Words belonging to different parts of speech may be united by a common feature and constitute a class cutting across other classes (for example, determiners). So the part-of-speech classification involves overlapping criteria and scholars single out from 9 to 13 parts of speech in Modern English.

Alongside of the three-criteria principle of dividing words into grammatical classes there are classifications based on one principle, morphological or syntactic.

The founder of English scientific grammar H.Sweet finds the following classes of words: noun-words, including some pronouns and numerals; adjective-words, including pronouns and numerals; verbs and particles. The term particles denotes words of different classes which have no categories.

The opposite criterion, distributional, is used by the American scholar Ch.Fries. Each class of words is characterized by a set of positions in the sentence, which are defined by substitution testing.

As a result of distributional analysis Ch.Fries singles out four main classes of words, roughly corresponding to nouns, verbs, adjectives and adverbs, and 15 classes of function words.

2. Both the traditional and the syntactico-distributional classifications divide parts of speech into notional and* functional. Notional parts of speech are open classes — new items can be added to them, they are indefinitely extendable. Functional parts of speech are closed systems, including a limited number of members. As a rule, they cannot be extended by creating new items.

The main notional parts of speech are nouns, verbs, adjectives and adverbs. Members of these four classes are often connected by derivational relations: strength — strengthen, strong — strongly.

Pronouns constitute a class of words which takes an intermediary position between notional and functional words. On the one hand, they can substitute for nouns and adjectives, on the other hand, pronouns are used as connectives and specifiers.

There may be also groups of closed-system items within an open class (notional, functional and auxiliary verbs).

A word in English is very often not marked morphologically and it is easy for words to pass from one class to another (round as a noun, adjective, verb, preposition). Such words are treated either as lexico-grammatical homonyms or as words belonging to one class.

Содержание

• Contents
• I. ntroduction
• 1. General Notion on Parts of Speech in English
• 2. Parts of Speech
  • 2. 1. Verb
  • 2. 2. Noun
  • 2. 3. Adjectives
  • 2. 4. Pronouns
  • 2. 5. Adverbs, articles and prepositions

  Parts of speech in the English grammatical system ( реферат , курсовая , диплом , контрольная )

  So, if the syntactic principle is used as a basis for classification, then it is possible to identify substantive and adjectival pronouns. However, if we try to distribute pronouns to these groups, it turns out that some pronouns can be attributed to substantive and adjective (this, that, each, other, some, any, all, etc.). In this regard, the linguistic literature is dominated by the semantic classification of pronouns.

  The group of pronouns is characterized in general by the presence of grammatical categories of number and case. Both these categories are not characteristic of all categories of pronouns. The grammatical category of the number has the demonstrative pronouns this and that and the selective pronoun of the other. The most complete expression of the category of numbers finds in the categories of reflexive and amplifying pronouns, where the singular forms consistently contrast the existing plural forms.

  2.5 Adverbs, articles and prepositions.

  A n adverb is an immutable, independent part of speech that denotes a feature of an object, a sign of action, and a sign of an attribute. T he words of this class answer the questions Where?, When?, Where?, Where?, Why?, Why?, How?

  A nd most often refer to verbs and denote the sign of action. A n adverb is a part of speech that indicates the sign of an action or the various circumstances under which an action takes place. T he adverb refers to the verb and shows how, where, when, etc., the action takes place. A n adverb can also refer to an adjective or another adverb, indicating their signs [Каушанская, 2008].

  The adverb not only defines a verb, adjective or other adverb, but it can also serve as an interrogative word from which the interrogative sentence begins.

  he majority of nominal dialects were formed from frozen case forms, which acquired independent meaning (spatio-temporal). A part of the adverbs was formed from the accusative. Some of them are prepositional-case forms.

  They distinguish different types of adjectives:

  1) Simple adverbs are not divided into components;

  2) Derived adverbs are formed by means of suffixes. This group includes adverbs formed from adjectives with the suffix -lу;

  3) Complex adverbs are formed from several roots;

  4) Composite adverbs are a combination of official and significant words [Anward, 2001].

  In accordance with the Russian linguistic tradition, a classification is accepted in Russian Anglicism, according to which all adverbs are divided into two large classes: qualitative and circumstantial. In adverbs of the first type, various private types of the general value of quality and property are represented. A special group consists of quantitative adverbs, indicating the degree of quality and intensity of the action. Qualitative adverbs in most cases have a formal feature — they are formed from adjectives by adding the suffixy. The exception is adverbs such as well, suppletive to good, and adverbs of fast, low, hard type that coincide in form with adjectives. Qualitative adverbs determine the quality of the action and are divided into subclasses:

  1) Adverbs of the image and mode of action (sadly, slowly, gradually);

  2) Adverbs of measure, degree and quantity (very, highly, scarcely) [Смирницкий, 2002].

  In their word-building structure adverbs are divided into motivated and unmotivated. For the first group of adverbs, distinct correlation with other categories of significant words is characteristic. Inside the motivated adverbs, a group of regular formations with a pronounced formal sign is singled out (warmly).

  There are interesting attempts to classify the meanings of adverbs on the basis of research on the semantic structure of the sentence and the semantic classification of verbs. Such classifications offer new opportunities for a deeper analysis of the semantics of adverbs. As an example, let us cite a classification in which the meanings of adverbs are examined by their connection with the participants in the situation.

  T he history of the English language is the history of the grammatical revolution. A ncient English was a language of the Indo-European type, i.e. Such as where grammatical relations are expressed primarily through inflection — a change in the form of the word, for example, the familiar declension of nouns and adjectives or conjugation of verbs.

  T wo and a half hundred modern irregular verbs have survived since those far times. H owever, the interaction of different dialects and shifts in pronunciation led to the fact that this system gradually lost functionality and basically disintegrated. P arallel to this, the development of new elements of the grammatical system progressed: some word combinations and syntactic constructions with partial meanings acquired an integral form of analytical (i.e., consisting of several elements) grammatical constructions and a rethought, generalized content. Thus, the phrase ‘pronoun + noun' was transformed into a noun with an article bearing information about the definiteness of the object.

  The modern English in the field of grammar is characterized by an analytical system, that is, a structure in which the basic means of expressing grammatical meanings are the order of words and service words that show the relationship between words or groups of words. The article is an important language tool that provides accurate expression and correct understanding of thoughts in English. Unskilful use of the article in the speech leads either to distortion of the meaning of the statement, or to mutual misunderstanding of the interlocutors. It is one of the means of relating a given speech product to a given speech situation.

  A) with something unique of its kind, for example;

  B) with something already mentioned in this speech;

  B) with something that will be discussed below [Каушанская, 2008].

  All possible cases of using a definite article can not be enumerated in the same way as it is impossible to enumerate all uses of any multi-valued word. It should be pointed out that, with the exception of special idiomatic cases, different uses of the article can be understood based on its general or basic meaning.

  Prepositions are words directly related to the category of the relation, i.e. these are the elements of language that contribute to reflecting in it certain relationships of extra-linguistic reality. Relations expressed by prepositions can be divided into three conceptual spheres: 1) spatial, 2) temporal and 3) abstract. In Russian, such relations are expressed not only by prepositions, but by prepositions and case endings, but in the English language there are no case endings, therefore, these relations are expressed only by prepositions, since nouns in the common case with which they combine have no special endings.

  The meaning of the prepositions of these categories for the language is not the same. The leading position is occupied by simple, by origin, ancient English prepositions; with their help, almost all the old case relations of the Old English period are transmitted [Каушанская, 2008]. These prepositions often form lexical fusion with verbs and participate in the formation of complex and compound prepositions.

  Different researchers build their classifications on the basis of various signs or different combinations of these characteristics. As a result, different systems of parts of speech are obtained not only in different languages, but also in the same language. In the most common traditional classification created by ancient grammarians, each class is characterized by a set of the following three attributes: general meaning (semantics), ways of word change (morphology) and a function in the composition of the sentence (syntax).

  Conventionally, all parts of speech are subdivided on the upper level of classification into notional words and functional words. Notional words, which usually contain verbs, adjectives, adverbs, nouns, pronouns and numerals, have absolute nominative meanings, are in most cases unfixed and perform self-dependent syntactic functions in the sentence. Consequently, the adjective expresses the categorial meaning of property of a substance which means that semantically the adjective is a bound word of biased nominative value.

  The noun is a part of speech that has the categorical meaning of entity. This is the main nominative part of speech, which is capable of isolating the property of matter and representing it as an independent, independent matter. In English the noun is characterized by the presence of two grammatical categories: 1) the category of a number consisting of two numbers — the singular and the plural; 2) the categories of determinativeness, expressed by the article in the preposition.

  T he pronoun is the part of speech that is used instead of the noun and adjective. P ronouns include various groups of words that in the sentence function as a substitute for a noun or an adjective. I.

  t is difficult to give an exact definition to a pronoun, since, unlike a noun and an adjective, a pronoun does not name any subject or quality, but merely points to it. P ronouns have a generalized meaning, which is explained only in a certain context or situation. T hus, a pronoun is a part of speech used in a sentence in place of a noun or adjective, less often an adverb. A pronoun does not name a person, attribute or object, but only addresses us to the already mentioned ones.

  The most significant issue of the modern English verbs is time. Grammatical category of time in the English language finds its material expression in a synthetic variation of the words and in the analytical shaping. What is more, we should not forget about the lexical units that can indicate relatedness temporary events, which are also used in conjunction with forms of a verb in the English language. They are generated synthetically and analytically.

  Adjectives are conventionally divided on the basis of their semantics into two grammatically subclasses: qualitative and relative adjectives. Qualitative adjectives denote the qualities of objects as such. Relative adjectives indicate qualities of objects in relation to other objects; such adjectives are typically derived from nouns. The ability to form degrees of comparison is typically viewed as the formal sign of qualitative adjectives, since they refer to qualities which admit of quantitative estimation.

  A dverbs make up a group of words varying widely in form and distribution. C onsidered in their morphemic structure, adverbs may be classified in eight groups.

  T he first and the second of them are the largest groups formed from derived and base adjectives by adding the suffixly. T he third group consists of those that are formed by means of the derivational prefixa to nouns, adjectives or verbs. T.

  he fourth group is originally considered to be miniature, but in nowadays English exhibiting signs of fast expansion includes those formed by adding the suffixwise to nouns. Then comes a smaller group of adverbs formed by the addition of the derivational suffixward (s) to a limited group of nouns; in this case adverbs have two forms, one with the final s and one without, variously distributed; those without s are homonymous with adjectives.

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  Так уж сложилось, что издавна во всех языках словообразование играло одну из первостепенных ролей. Обозначение разных частей речи и их название стало неким этапом в эволюции языка и языкознания.

  Также как и в современном русском языке, каждое слово в английском принадлежит определенной части речи (part of speech), то есть категории слов, обладающих своими характерными признаками.

  Part of speech - one of the grammatical groups, such as noun, verb, and adjective, into which words are divided depending on their use

  Распознавание или предугадывание частей речи по контексту очень важный навык, если вы готовитесь к сдаче ЕГЭ или международных экзаменов. Понимание частей речи, безусловно, облегчит выполнение заданий в разы, а хорошая система подготовки определенно сыграет свою роль. В качестве помощи команда онлайн-школы Инглиш Шоу разработала курсы по подготовке к разнообразным экзаменам, начиная с ЕГЭ и заканчивая TOEFL или IELTS. Узнать, как это работает очень просто – стоит только записаться на бесплатный пробный урок и проверить эффективность обучения с преподавателем на себе!

  Самостоятельные части речи в английском языке

  Если у слова есть свое собственное лексическое значение, то его без сомнений можно отнести к самостоятельным частям речи. Произнося его, сразу становится понятен смысл слова. К самостоятельным частям речи в английском языке относятся:

  
  

  Имя существительное (Noun)

  В английском существительные бывают разные:

  • Common – нарицательные
    Например: person – человек, teacher – учитель, log – бревно
  • Proper – собственные
    Например: Stephen, Italy, America, Saturn
  • Compound – составные (состоящими из двух корней)
    Например: post office – почтовое отделение, car park – парковка, textbook – учебник, bookcase – книжный шкаф
  • Abstract – абстрактные
    Например: beauty – красота, intelligence – ум, democracy – демократия
  • Collective – собирательные
    Например: family – семья, flock - стая, herd – стадо

  Кроме этого, в английском есть четкое разделение на исчисляемые (countable) и неисчисляемые (uncountable). Исчисляемые они потому что их можно посчитать поштучно и все они имеют форму как единственного, так и множественного числа. И перед существительным в единственном числе мы ставим артикль (a/an).

  Стоит отметить, что к неисчисляемым существительным в основном относятся жидкости, сыпучие продукты, абстрактные понятия или те, которые существуют либо только в единственном, либо во множественном числе.

  • I don’t have much money.
    У меня немного денег.
  • I like listening rock music.
    Я люблю слушать рок музыку.
  • There is some rice in the bowl.
    В тарелке есть немного риса.
  • Give me some information upon this case.
    Предоставь мне информацию по этому случаю.

  Существительные в английском образуются с помощью определенных суффиксов, по которым вы легко сможете определить эту часть речи:

  • ance: disturbance, relevance
  • ence: reference, occurrence
  • ity: complexity, scarcity
  • ment: disappointment, achievement
  • acy/cy: accuracy
  • age: percentage, breakage
  • an: Russian, American
  • dom: kingdom, freedom
  • hood: motherhood, brotherhood

  В предложении эта часть речи может выполнять функции как подлежащего (subject), дополнения (object) или функцию complement (дополнения) внутри именного сказуемого.

  • We have accepted the invitation for the party.
    (We – subject; invitation – object)
    Мы приняли приглашение на вечеринку.

  Вне всяких сомнений, существует ещё множество других нюансов, которые необходимо знать о существительных. Например, важно правильно образовывать множественное число. Об этом мы рассказывали в ролике:

  
  

  Имя прилагательное (Adjective)

  В английском прилагательные подразделяются по степеням сравнения и бывают:

  • Положительной степени (Positive form)
  • Сравнительной степени (Comparative form)
  • Превосходной степени (Superlative form)
  • large – larger – the largest
    большой – больше – самый большой

  Более подробно со всеми правилами эта тема разобрана в нашей статье 👉 Степени сравнения прилагательных

  Очень часто в предложении можно встретить описание из нескольких прилагательных, в таком случае они расположены в определенном порядке:

  judgement – size – shape – age – colour – origin – material – purpose – noun
  суждение – размер – форма – возраст – цвет – происхождение – материал – цель – существительное

  💡 Чтобы было легче запомнить, ловите подсказку: чем прилагательное субъективнее, тем дальше оно от самого существительного.

  • There is a small, old, blue, plastic table.
    Это маленький, старый, голубой, пластиковый стол.
  • I am a short, young, blue-eyed person.
    Я молодой человек среднего роста с голубыми глазами.

  Глагол (Verb)

  Вместе с подлежащим он представляет главные члены предложения и образует грамматическую основу.

  Классификация глаголов в английском:

  • Semi-auxiliary – служебные
  • Auxiliary - вспомогательные
  • Notional – смысловые

  Также очень важным моментом является то, что в английском глаголы подразделяют на:

  • Transitive – переходные (за которым следует объект или дополнение)
    She is cooking the dinner.
    Она готовит обед.
  • Intransitive – непереходные (которые не требуют после себя какого-либо дополнения, они просто характеризуют само действие)
    He slept late this morning.
    Он спал допоздна этим утром.

  Ну и конечно же глаголы могут быть разных форм:

  Infinitive – инфинитив или неопределенная форма глагола, в английском используется с частичкой to. Если без неё, то это будет форма bare infinitive (голый инфинитив).

  Например: to go – идти, to cry – плакать, to unearth – раскопать

  И здесь стоит сказать, что существуют правильные (regular) и неправильные (irregular) глаголы.

  Неправильные глаголы собраны в таблицу и их просто нужно выучить для правильного употребления в речи. А правильные глаголы образуют форму прошедшего времени путем добавления -ed.

  Примеры: beaten – побитый, broken - сломанный

  Или если глагол правильный, то он образует вторую и третью формы с помощью окончания -ed.

  Примеры: play - played, study - studied, watch - watched

  Например: hoping- надеющийся, studying – обучающийся

  Наречие (Adverb)

  • Manner – наречие образа действия:
    Well – хорошо, slowly - медленно
  • Place – места:
    Above – над, here – здесь
  • Time – времени:
    Now – сейчас, then – тогда, soon – вскоре
  • Degree – степени:
    Very – очень, really – реально, quite – достаточно
  • Frequency – частоты:
    Once – однажды, twice – дважды

  Местоимение (Pronoun)

  Судя по названию, местоимения мы используем вместо имён, то есть вместо имён собственных, предметов или качеств предмета.

  В английском языке существуют следующие классы местоимений:

  • Object pronouns – личные, выступающие в роли объекта: me, him, her, it, us, you, them
    He met me at the park yesterday.
    Он встретил меня вчера в парке.
  • Subject pronouns – личные, выступающие в роли субъекта: I, he, you, she, we, it, they
    They used to play tennis 10 years ago.
    Они имели обыкновение играть в теннис 10 лет назад.
  • Reflexive pronouns – возвратные: himself, herself, ourselves, myself
    We decided to do it by ourselves.
    Мы решили это сделать сами.
  • Demonstrative pronouns – указательные: those, this, that, these
    These are your pieces of equipment.
    Вот это твоё оборудование.
  • Possessive pronouns – притяжательные: hers, his, mine, yours
    These shoes are mine!
    Это мои туфли!
  • Relative pronouns – относительные: who, which, that, whose
    This was the man who stole your wallet.
    Это тот мужчина, который украл у тебя кошелёк.

  Числительные (Numerals)

  • Cardinal numbers – количественными:
    one, six, thirty, one hundred
  • Ordinal numbers – порядковыми:
    first – первый, second – второй, third – третий, fourth – четвертый

  Образование порядковых числительных происходит с помощью окончания -th, начиная с числа 4, а первые три числа нужно просто запомнить.

  Служебные части речи в английском языке

  Исходя из названия можно догадаться, что служебные части речи выполняют вспомогательную функцию и, так сказать, служат самостоятельным частям речи.

  Служебных частей речи не так уж много:

  • Article – артикль
  • Conjunction – союз
  • Preposition – предлог
  • Paticles - частицы
  • Interjections - междометия

  Cоюз (Сonjunction)

  Союзы служат соединительными словами-связками, это своего рода взаимодействие однородных членов предложения. Или же они выполняют роль соединения предложений между собой.

  • Conjunctions for words of the same class (Союзы для однородных частей речи):
    and, but, or, nor, yet
  • Conjunctions for clauses of sentences (Союзы для частей предложения):
    as soon as, before, since, until, when, because, although, unless, so, where

  Предлоги (Prepositions)

  Как правило, предлоги показывают отношение существительного или местоимения к другим словам в предложении. Существуют такие категории, как:

  • Place – предлоги места:
    in, at, on, by, above, over
  • Movement – предлоги движения:
    from, to, in, into, on, onto, by, out, through
  • Time – предлоги времени:
    at, on, by, before, in, from, since, during, until

  Сложность выбора предлогов заключается в том, что нет строгой однозначности в их использовании. Поэтому хорошим советом здесь будет: Practise, practise & practise! Подробнее про предлоги места и времени читайте в нашей статье: predlogi-mesta-i-vremeni

  Артикли (Аrticles)

  В английском существует всего лишь два типа артиклей, по сравнению с другими романо-германскими языками, в которых их гораздо больше.

  Definite article – определенный артикль – the

  Используется в том случае, если субъект или объект являются определенными по ситуации или единственными в своем роде.

  The football is blue.
  Мячик является голубым. (Именно конкретный мячик)

  The sun is shining brightly.
  Солнце ярко светит. (Единственное в своем роде – the sun)

  Данный артикль может употребляться только с исчисляемыми существительными и в единственном числе. То есть он просто служит неким обозначением предмета в единственном числе. Поэтому нужно быть предельно внимательными при его использовании.

  A lotus is a flower.
  Лотус – это цветок.

  Более подробно про артикли читайте в нашей следующей статье: artikli-v-anglijskom-jazyke

  Частицы (Paticles)

  Частицы имеют свойство придавать словам дополнительные оттенки, значение. Они не имеют грамматических категорий, а также не являются членами предложения. Давайте посмотрим, какие же существуют классификации частиц:

  • Limiting - выделительно-ограничительные:
    even, only, merely, solely, just, but, alone
  • Intensifying particles – усилительные:
    simply, just, all, still, yet
  • Negative particle - отрицательная частица:
    not
  • Additive particle - дополняющая частица:
    else

  Междометия (Interjections)

  Междометия на самом деле не относятся ни к самостоятельным, ни к служебным частям речи, так как они не имеют особого смысла. Они лишь передают наши чувства и эмоции.

  oh, eh, alas, er, hey, uhm

  Сводная таблица частей речи в английском языке

  PARTS OF SPEECH	DESCRIPTION	EXAMPLES
  NOUNS	Name people, animals, places, things	Chair, sparrow, school, Greece
  VERBS	Name action or activity	Be, seem, smell, jump
  ADJECTIVES	Describe nouns such as people or things	Clean/dirty, expensive/cheap, light/dark
  ADVERBS	Describe verbs (actions)	Well, quickly, sometimes
  PRONOUNS	Used instead of nouns	He, we, they, their, my
  NUMERALS	Name numbers	Fifty, eighty, thirty-first
  CONJUNCTIONS	Join words or clauses of sentence	And, but, as soon as, unless, although
  PREPOSITIONS	Show the relationship between a noun and other words	At, on, by, before, since
  ARTICLES	Show if the noun is definite or indefinite	The, a/an
  PARTICLES	Give additional meaning to words	Not, yet, else
  INTERJECTIONS	Describe feelings and emotions	Oh, eh, alas, er, hey, uhm

  Эта таблица поможет вам определять части речи. Также, используя русско-английский словарь, вы можете посмотреть принадлежность слова к той или иной части речи. Но, чтобы начать лучше разбираться в грамматических аспектах, лучше начать изучение последовательно, к примеру, с глаголов и потом постепенно переходить к другим самостоятельным или служебным частям речи. Тогда вы сможете с легкостью выдохнуть - у вас не будет никакой каши в голове и сложностей в использовании на практике.

  Также не стоит забывать, что построение английского предложения начинается с прямого порядка слов, о чем многие забывают при переключении с русского на английский. Как раз для подобного рода практики команда Инглиш Шоу разработала курс Разговорный Марафон. Каждый день на протяжении нескольких месяцев вы отрабатываете основные навыки, разговаривая на повседневные темы с разными преподавателями. Но это ещё не все! В течение курса вас ждёт масса сюрпризов и лайфхаков, так что после курса можете с уверенностью собираться заграницу! Записывайтесь на бесплатный пробный урок и узнайте все подробности самостоятельно.

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