Aids реферат на английском

Обновлено: 28.06.2024

ЧЕЛОВЕК И ПРОБЛЕМЫ СОВРЕМЕННОГО МИРА

AIDS

During the latent period, HIV carriers who the harbour virus without any sign of illness can unknowingly infect others. On average, the dormant virus seems to be triggered into action three to six years after first invading human cells. When switched on, viral replication may speed along, producing new viruses that destroy fresh lymphocytes. As viral replication spreads, the lymphocyte destruction virtually sabotages the entire immune system. In essence, HIV viruses do not kill people, they merely render the immune system defenceless against other infections, e.g. yeast invasions, toxoplasmosis, cytomegalovirus, massive herpes infections, special forms of pneumonia that kill in half of all AIDS patients.

That is AIDS. There are several types of AIDS. No one has been cured up to the present moment.

1. AIDS Is curable?

2. AIDS Is very contagious disease in com with other viruses?

3. Who and when identified the virus?

5. What rare capacity for viruses has HIV?

6. Does HIV kill the carrier instantly?

7. Can HIV kill human body itself?

hepatitis В - гепатит Б

to cause - причинять, быть причиной

to invade - здесь: вторгаться

white blood cells - белые кровяные тельца

lymphocytes - лимфоциты (белые кровяные тельца)

to identify - идентифицировать; здесь: выделить

to replicate - редуплікуватися, размножаться

the initial infection - первичное инфицирование

latent period - латентный (скрытый) период

to harbour - здесь: иметь, носить

dormant - который спит

to spread (past spread, p.p. spread) - распространять(ся)

to render - делать, превращать yeast - здесь: грибок

cytomegalovirus - цитомегаловирус, ЦМВ

massive herpes infections - тяжелая форма герпеса

AIDS patient - здесь: болен СПИДОМ

Во время латентного периода носители ВИЧ, у которых действие вируса не проявляется, могут неосознанно инфицировать других. Как полагают, в среднем бездействующий вирус активируется через три или шесть лет после попадания в человеческие клетки. Активувавшись, вирусная редуплікація может пойти очень быстро, порождая новые вирусы, которые уничтожают свежие лимфоциты. Распространяясь, они разрушают лимфоциты, что фактически парализует работу иммунной системы. По сути, ВИЧ-вирусы не убивают людей, они просто делают иммунную систему беззащитной против других заразных болезней, например, грибков, токсоплазмоза, цитомегаловируса, тяжелой формы герпеса, особых форм пневмонии, которые убивают больных СПИДОМ в половине всех случаев.

Вот это и есть СПИД. Есть несколько типов Спида. И до сегодня еще никто не смог вылечиться от него.

Тема по английскому языку: СПИД и ВИЧ

Что такое ВИЧ и СПИД

СПИД или синдром приобретенного иммунодефицита является инфекционным заболеванием, вызываемым вирусом иммунодефицита (ВИЧ). Впервые он был обнаружен в США в 1981 году и с тех пор стал крупнейшей мировой пандемией. СПИД – это высокоразвитая форма инфекции, которая после заражения может существовать в организме в скрытой или латентной форме. Люди, зараженные вирусом, называются ВИЧ-инфицированными. ВИЧ постепенно разрушает иммунную систему человека, в результате чего его тело ослабевает и становится неспособным защищать себя от заболевания. Когда иммунная система сильно разрушена ВИЧ, инфицированные подвержены различным инфекциям и формам рака. На этом этапе у человека можно выявить СПИД.

Как передается ВИЧ

ВИЧ передается несколькими путями. Наиболее распространенный – незащищенный секс. Другой – повторное использование шприцов, зараженных через кровь, поэтому у большинства наркоманов есть большой риск заразиться. ВИЧ также может передаваться через кровь донора при переливании и препараты крови. Беременные женщины, зараженные СПИДом, рискуют заразить вирусом ребенка на протяжении периода беременности, при рождении или в процессе кормления грудью.

Выявление заболевания

На ранних стадиях ВИЧ зачастую не имеет синдромов и может быть выявлен только при сдаче анализа крови. В настоящее время существуют довольно быстрые тесты, позволяющие узнать результаты в течение пяти – тридцати минут. Они становятся все более популярными среди людей, заботящихся о своем здоровье.

Существующие виды терапии

Медицинские исследования внесли большой вклад в снижение влияния ВИЧ-инфекции на иммунную систему. На данный момент не существует вакцины, способной предотвратить заражение ВИЧ. Сейчас все существующие виды терапии направлены на улучшение качества и продление срока жизни больных СПИДом путем замедления репродукции вируса и лечения или профилактики заболеваний, способных повлиять на ослабленную иммунную систему больного.

HIV and AIDS

What stands for HIV and AIDS

AIDS or acquired immune deficiency syndrome is an infectious disease caused by the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV). It was firs found in the USA in 1981 and has become a major worldwide pandemic. AIDS is the advanced form of infection which can be hidden for a long period which is called latent after the initial infection. People who are infected with the virus are said to be HIV positive. HIV gradually destroys a person’s immune system and the body becomes less able to protect itself from disease. When the immune system has been badly damaged by HIV infection, people are amenable to various infections or cancers. From that time on, a person is recognised to have AIDS.

The ways HIV is transmitted

HIV may be transmitted in several ways. The most widespread is unsafe sex. Another one is sharing needles and injecting equipment contaminated with blood and therefore most of the drug takers risk to get an infection. HIV may also be transmitted through donated blood and blood products. AIDS in women who are going to become mothers is also a serious concern as they can transmit the virus to their babies during pregnancy, birth or when breast feeding.

Testing

In the early stages HIV often causes no symptoms and the infection can be diagnosed only by testing a person’s blood. Nowadays, quite rapid tests are available that give results in five to thirty minutes. They are getting more and more popular with those who take care about their health.

Therapy

Medical research has made great progress in reducing the impact of HIV infection on the immune system. No vaccine is currently available to prevent HIV infection. At present, all forms of AIDS therapy are focused on improving the quality and length of AIDS patients’ life by slowing the replication of the virus and treating or preventing infections that take advantage of a person’s weakened immune system.

AIDS, as everyone knows, is one of the most serious diseases in the world, which scientists and experts have been struggling since people found the first patient. And nobody has any dissent about HIV can course AIDS-this was truth and was proved for a long time. But recently, the South African president Thabo Mbeki gave people new idea-HIV may not course AIDS. In this assignment, I will say something about AIDS, Society and Science.

About twenty years ago, healthy young men began to die in large numbers form an unknown disease. With the knowledge of unusual systemic infections accumulated, and the development of technology, in 1981, studies indicated that these patients had suddenly and inexplicably lost their normal immunity to disease. They had an illness for which modern medicine had no name and, in our ignorance, we called it Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome-or AIDS(Cahill,1983).

In June 1981, AIDS was believed to be caused by HIV, the human immunodeficiency virus. HIV has been found in blood, semen, saliva, tears, nervous system tissue, breast milk, and female genital tract secretions; however, only blood, semen, female genital tract secretions, and breast milk have been proven to transmit infection to others.

Transmission of the virus occurs through sexual contact including oral, vaginal, and anal sex; via blood through transfusions or needle sharing; and from a pregnant women to the fetus or a nursing mother to her baby. Other transmission methods are rare and include accidental needle injury, artificial insemination through donated semen, and kidney transplantation through the donated kidney.

The infection is NOT spread by casual contact such as hugging and touching, by inanimate objects such as dishes or toilet seats, or by mosquitoes. It is not transmitted to a person who donates blood (although it can be transmitted from the blood to the person receiving the transfusion–this is why blood banks screen donors and test the blood thoroughly); it is also not transmitted to a person who, for example, donates a kidney for transplantation. HIV invades a person’s white blood cells and disables the body’s immune system. The weakened immune system is unable to fight off diseases, including those that are otherwise not serious or deadly. These barious illnesses, which are collectively labeled “AIDS”, eventually result in death(Roleff,1998).

People who have HIV in their bodies, but who don’t yet show any signs of illness, are called HIV positive. HIV may remain undetected that produce no symptoms for up to 10 years before a person is diagnosed with AIDS, the person may look and feel quite healthy. When the virus becomes more active and starts to cause ill health. When the virus become more active and starts to cause ill health. We say that the person is developing AIDS itself, often called full-blown AIDS.(Bevon,1988)

Prevention of AIDS requires self-discipline and strength of character. The requirements often seem personally restrictive but they are effective and can save lives.

1. Do not have sexual intercourse with: people known or suspected to be infected with AIDS multiple partners a person who has multiple partners people who use IV drugs

2. Do not use intravenous drugs. If IV drugs are used, do not share needles or syringes. Avoid exposure to blood from injuries, nosebleeds, and so on, where the HIV status of the bleeding individual is unknown. Protective clothing, masks, and goggles may be appropriate when caring for people who are injured.

3. People with AIDS or asymptomatic individuals who have a positive antibody test may pass the disease on to others and should not donate blood, plasma, body organs, or sperm. From a legal, ethical, and moral standpoint, they should warn any prospective sexual partner of their HIV positive status. They should not exchange body fluids during sexual activity and must use whatever preventative measures (such as a latex condom) that will afford the partner the most protection.

4. HIV positive women should be counseled before becoming pregnant about the risk to their infant and medical advances which may help prevent the fetus from becoming infected.

5. HIV positive women should not breast feed their infant. Safer sex behaviors may reduce the risk of acquiring the infection. There remains a risk of acquiring the infection even with the use of condoms. Abstinence is the only sure way to prevent sexual transmission of the virus.

AIDS and Society

Serious Area of AIDS

Today AIDS is a major health concern with more than 315,000 people in the U.S. diagnosed with the infection in the last decade. More than half of these people have died, most within 4 years of showing symptoms of the disease. Estimates from the World Health Organization show more than 500,000 cases of AIDS in the world (considered a low estimate because of non-reporting and lack of adequate definition). In some countries, heterosexual transmission of the disease is much higher than in the U.S. The 2.2 million Americans now carry the HIV virus (but are not yet symptomatic). The most serious area is Africa, there are more than 30 million people carry the HIV, most of them are in low class of the society. The reason is poverty.

Mbeki’s Speech About AIDS

From above information, we can see the problem of AIDS, these theories have been proved by expert. But recently, somebody declared his new idea.

One month ago, the South African President Thabo Mbeki spoke in Pretoria and send a letter about AIDS to world leaders. In his speech, in a country with one of the world’s fastest-spreading AIDS epidemics, the restlessly curious Mbeki has repeatedly ignored medical consensus and shrugged off price discounts offered by pharmaceutical companies, steadfastly refusing to distribute antiretroviral medicines, such as AZT, to South Africans infected with the AIDS virus, HIV(Jeter,2000). Mbeki also convened an AIDS advisory panel that includes several scientists who reject the conventional idea that the human immunodeficiency virus, or HIV, causes AIDS, an incurable disease that severely weakens the immune system and leads to death. Mbeki has repeatedly questioned not only the efficacy of AZT–a drug widely used in the West to slow progression of the disease–but also its safety.

“It seems to me that everybody in government should try to understand this thing as thoroughly as possible so that we can respond to this issue,” he said in an interview with reporters, “There are real, genuine scientific questions recognized by scientists that need to be resolved. Mbeki’s refusal to use commonly accepted drugs in the struggle against AIDS comes even as the United States and other Western countries–which fear that the Third World’s escalating AIDS crisis could destabilize global markets and world security–are looking to relatively industrialized South Africa to develop a model for curbing the spread of AIDS in the developing world (Jeter,2000).

Efect of Mbekie’s speech

With an estimated 10 percent of South Africa’s 43 million people infected with HIV, Mbeki’s administration has refused to distribute AZT even to pregnant women, who if given the drug during the three months prior to delivery, are half as likely to pass HIV on to their children.

When scientific controversies become matters of public debate, claims about how such controversies should be resolved often get mixed up with arguments about free speech and its suppression. Mbeki, for example, compared the HIV dissenters with victims of the apartheid regime, who were silenced because the established authority believed that their views were dangerous.

As such controversies drag on and become public, the media begin ranking the tokens of credibility of the participants.

The very existence of ongoing scientific controversy on a topic that ordinary people care about often fuels distrust of science, to the extent that people imagine science to be a producer of certainty. Scientists themselves know better: They recognize that most new knowledge is provisional–but they often profess absolute confidence in their findings, because they believe this is what the public expects of them. The more that scientists persist in over-claiming, and the more that people demand absolute certainty, the more distrust of science is likely to escalate, and relations between scientists and non-scientists will become ever more fraught.

In modern society, the situation of science is very important, no science no development, nobody dears its power. But in our media-intensive culture it is not difficult t find differing opinions. Thousands of newspapers and magazine and dozens of radio and television talk shows resound with differing points of view. Even some higher government officers give people ignorant ideas. Although how to evaluate the information from different aspects depends on themselves, but in poor area where people are very low educated, it is very easy to mislead people. Scientists and non-scientists alike remain mired in bad habits that make it hard to respond productively to incidents like Mbeki’s letter. Addressing those habits will not solve the vast problems caused by the AIDS epidemic, but doing so would make it easier to confront such problems directly and effectively.

AIDS is an acronym for Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome and is thought to be caused primarily by a virus that invades white blood cells (lymphocytes) and certain other body cells including the brain.

Although treatments for both AIDS and HIV exist to slow the virus’ progression in a human patient, there is no known cure. The rate of clinical disease progression varies widely between individuals and has been shown to be affected by many factors such as host susceptibility.

AIDS is thought to have originated in sub-Saharan Africa during the twentieth century and is now a global epidemic.

Once inside a human host cell, the retrovirus using its own capacities begins to copy its genetic code into a DNA molecule which is then incorporated into the host’s DNA. The virus becomes an integral part of the person’s body. But the viral DNA may sit hidden and inactive within human cells for years, until some trigger stimulates it to replicate.

During the latent period, HIV carriers who harbour the virus without any sign of illness can unknowingly infect others. On average, the dormant virus seems to be triggered into action three to six years after first invading human cells. When switched on, viral replication may speed along, producing new viruses that destroy fresh lymphocytes. As viral replication spreads, the lymphocyte destruction virtually sabotages the entire immune system.

In essence, HIV viruses do not kill people, they merely render the immune system defenceless against other infections, e.g. yeast invasions, toxoplasmosis, cytomegalovirus, massive herpes infections, special forms of pneumonia that kill in half of all AIDS patients.

That is AIDS. There are several types of AIDS. No one has been cured up to the present moment.

СПИД

СПИД — это аббревиатура для синдрома приобретенного иммунодефицита. Считается, что СПИД вызывается прежде всего вирусом который атакует белые кровяные тельца (лимфоциты) и некоторые другие клетки тела, включая мозг.

Лечение для СПИД и ВИЧ существует, но оно только замедляет течение болезни, вылечить же болезнь оно не может. Клиника болезни очень сильно зависит от индивидуума, при этом на нее влияют многие факторы, включая восприимчивость к болезни.

Считается, что СПИД возник в регионе пустыни Сахара, Африка, в XX веке и сейчас вызвал эпидемию глобального масштаба.

Однажды попав внутрь человеческого тела, ретровирус, используя свои собственные ресурсы, начинает копировать’ свои генетический код в молекулу ДНК, которая после включается в ДНК хозяина. Вирус становится неотъемлемой частью человеческого организма. Но инфицированный вирусом ДНК может сидеть скрытно и бездействовать в человеческих клетках в течение многих лет, пока некий пусковой механизм не активизирует его на размножение.

В сущности, ВИЧ-вирусы не убивают людей, они просто делают иммунную систему беззащитной против других заразных болезней, например, грибков, токсоплазмоза, цитомегаловируса, тяжелой формы герпеса, особых форм пневмонии, которые убивают больных СПИДом в половине всех случаев.

Вот это и есть СПИД. Имеются несколько типов СПИДа. И до настоящего момента еще никто не смог излечиться от него.

Although treatments for both AIDS and HIV exist to slow the virus' progression in a human patient, there is no known cure. The rate of clinical disease progression varies widely between individuals and has been shown to be affected by many factors such as host susceptibility.

AIDS is thought to have originated in sub-Saharan Africa during the twentieth century and is now a global epidemic.

Once inside a human host cell, the retrovirus using its own capacities begins to copy its genetic code into a DNA molecule which is then incorporated into the host's DNA. The virus becomes an integral part of the person's body. But the viral DNA may sit hidden and inactive within human cells for years, until some trigger stimulates it to replicate.

That is AIDS. There are several types of AIDS. No one has been cured up to the present moment.

Однажды попав внутрь человеческого тела, ретровирус, используя свои собственные ресурсы, начинает копировать' свои генетический код в молекулу ДНК, которая после включается в ДНК хозяина. Вирус становится неотъемлемой частью человеческого организма. Но инфицированный вирусом ДНК может сидеть скрытно и бездействовать в человеческих клетках в течение многих лет, пока некий пусковой механизм не активизирует его на размножение.

1. What is AIDS?
2. Is AIDS curable?
3. Is AIDS very contagious disease in comparison with other viruses?
4. Where did AIDS originated from?
5. Who and when identified the virus?
6. What is HIV?
7. What is the difference between AIDS and HIV?
8. What rare capacity for viruses has HIV got?
9. Does HIV kill the carrier instantly?
10. Can HIV kill human body itself?

Читайте также: