Accents of english реферат

Обновлено: 07.07.2024

В наше время практически весь мир говорит на английском языке и все знают о существовании различных его вариантов. Поэтому, когда вы отправляетесь в Британию, вы понимаете, что столкнётесь именно с Британским вариантом английского языка, но на практике, довольно сложно понять носителей языка, имея даже высокий уровень владения английским языком. И тут все начинают испытывать культурологический шок, задавая себе вопрос: а тот ли английский мы изучаем в школе? Мало кто знает, что в Соединённом Королевстве насчитывается свыше 30 диалектов и акцентов Британского варианта Английского языка, каждый из которых отличается по своей структуре, лексике, грамматике и фонетике. Попробуем разобраться в этом вопросе.

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Введение________________________________________________________________3
1.Подготовка к исследованию

1.1.Понятие литературного языка и RP_______________________________________4
1.2.Понятие диалекта и акцента _____________________________________________6

1.3 Сбор информации о диалектах и акцентах_________________________________7

1.3.3. Шотландский диалект________________________________________________8

1.3.4 Певучие интонации Уэльса____________________________________________9

1.3.5. Разнообразная Ирландия _____________________________________________11

1.3.6. Midlands ___________________________________________________________11
1.4 Проведение анкетирования _____________________________________________12

2. Проведение исследования. Анализ известных фильмов и песен на наличие нестандартных языковых тенденций________________________________________12

Актуальность данной работы обусловлена тем, что английский язык, который изучается нами в школе, отличается от современного разговорного английского, что вызывает большие трудности в понимании при общении с носителями языка. В связи с этим мы выдвинули гипотезу, что языковые трудности возникают по причине незнания диалектов и акцентов, а также определённых особенностей, о которых не пишут в современных учебниках и справочной литературе.

Настоящая работа посвящена изучению Британских акцентов и диалектов, а также новых тенденций, которые характерны для современного английского языка.

Цель исследования- выявить наиболее значимые факторы, влияющие на понимание при общении с носителями языка о которых нет упоминания в школьной программе.

Для достижения поставленной цели необходимо выполнить следующие задачи:

-изучить научно-методическую литературу по исследуемой теме;

-выяснить, что такое Reserved Pronunciation ( RP ) и дать определение данному термину;

-изучить акценты и диалекты Соединённого королевства;

-изучить материалы фильмов, песен и роликов на канале YouTube ;

-определить современные тенденции в английском языке;

-разработать памятку для желающих снять языковые трудности при общении с носителями языка с указанием акцентов и диалектов, а также некоторых других особенностей.

В соответствии с задачами и особенностями предмета исследования используютсяметоды теоретического познания - анализ и синтез материала; и практическогопознания – рассматриваются различные форумы для того, чтобы выявить новые тенденции языка.

Предметом исследования является влияние акцентов и диалектов на современный английский.

Объектом исследования является язык, используемый носителями языка при общении на сайтах, в фильмах, а также в роликах на канале YouTube .

Научная новизна настоящего исследования состоит в том, что впервые нами изучаются различные диалекты и акценты, а также рассматривается влияние новых тенденций на современный английский язык. Настоящая работа может быть использована лицами, занимающимися изучением английского языка.

1.1.Понятие литературного языка и RP

Безусловно, литературный язык является языком письменности. Это язык документов, образования и науки. Литературный язык – язык культуры, выражаемой в письменной форме (реже в устной).

Несмотря на отсутствие каких-либо черт, возвышающих RP над другими акцентами английского языка, определённые социолингвистические факторы позволили RP обрести высокий статус во многих частях Великобритании. С начала до середины XX века с таким акцентом говорили люди, обладающие властью, деньгами и влиянием в обществе. В последнее время носители этого акцента критикуются как символ обладания незаслуженными материальными благами.

Received Pronunciation (RP): the form of British English pronunciation which is used by many educated people in every part of Britain and is typical of many people in the south of England. It is thought of as a standard form and is often used by the ВВС. It is also used in teaching English in many parts of the world.

Received Pronunciation (RP) or ВВС English (so called because it is used by ВВС announcers) is the accent of the South-east of England. It has been associated with power and high social class since the 14 th century.

Accent is the sound of a person's pronunciation of the English language. It is very important in Britain. It shows where a person comes from and, to an extent, what class he or she belongs to. Britain has many different accents. Each of the four countries in the Kingdom, England, Scotland, Wales and Ireland, has its own accent. Within England most of the counties have a different accent. The sound of someone’s voice will often show the position people hold in society. Today society has changed and regional accents are more acceptable. But an RP accent is still important and will help people to get jobs and a position in society, which might be denied, to them if they spoke in a different way.

Cockney is a way of speaking English that is typical of people who live in the eastern area of London. It is known as the London dialect. Cockney means East End working class.

What does Cockney sound like?

"That ain 't got nothing to do with it "(Cockney) = "That has nothing to do with it. "(Standard English)

Th are pronounced like f as in barf for "bath", or v, as in bruvver for "brother". They neglect the t in words like "butter", "bottle", "rotten", which in Cockney can best be represented by bu! er bo! le, ro! en. Similarly, didn't becomes didn and haven't turns into arn.

The characteristic for which Cockney is famous, of course, is the silent h. "That's an edgeog" means "That's a hedgehog". The g is often missing from -ing endings like: eatin 'and drinkin'. Cockney will drop letters and slur words in many different ways. Old becomes ol. An becomes ern, as in ern afternoon. You is yer, and so on.

Rhyming Slangis a way of speaking, originally popular among cockneys, in which a rhyming phrase, or part of it, is substituted for a standard word.

This form of slang replaces a word with a phrase which rhymes withit:

'loaf of bread' ('loaf) means 'head';

'apples and pears' ('apples') means 'stairs';

'bees and honey' means 'money.

HOME, SWEET HOME

East or West home is best.

It is common knowledge that there is no place like home. To the British their homes are important. They are dedicated to them; they give them a lot of time and effort, looking after their homes with much love, care and enthusiasm. More than half of British families own their homes (houses or flats). Others live in council accommodation and some people rent from private owners.

Types of Houses. There are three types of houses that people live in:

A semi-detached house is joined to the house next door by a shared wall. A house of this kind is less expensive than a detached house, but still offers a good standard of privacy and comfort. It usually has a small garden at the front and a larger garden at the back

A detached house is the most expensive type of home. It stands on its own land and is not attached to another building. Such houses have privacy from neighbours, and they are ideal for keen gardeners who can devote plenty of time to work in their garden.

A terraced house is usually two- or three-storeys high. It is one of a continuous row of similar houses, joined together by their side walls. Many rows of terraced houses were originally built for workers in nearby factories or coalmines. A terraced house usually costs less than a semi-detached or detached house of similar size. There are miles of terraced houses in most towns. Over a quarter of British families live in them. There are also other types of buildings in which people live:

d) apartment blocks;

f) country cottages.

Bungalows are one-storey houses which are particularly popular with older people.

Apartment blocks are high-rise blocks of flats which provide accommodation for a lot of city dwellers. But these buildings are not very popular. About 20% of the population live in flats. There are more flats in cities than in rural areas. Most people in Britain traditionally like to live in houses.

The number of people owning their own houses is steadily rising in Britain though a house is expensive. A person does not usually need to have all the money himself to pay for the house. Most people buy their homes with a mortgage which they get from a bank or a building society.

Public Housing. About one third of the population now live in council houses. These houses are provided by local authority councils such as town councils, usually at a low rent. Such houses are mainly occupied by working-class people who cannot afford to buy a house.

Since 1980 it has become possible for council house tenants to buy their houses at favourable rates after they have lived in them for at least two years.

English is the national language of England proper, the USA, Australia and some provinces of Canada. Features American English, local dialects in the USA, Canadian, Australian and Indian variants. The main lexical differences between the variants.

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1. The main variants of the English language

In Modern linguistic the distinction is made between Standard English and territorial variants and local dialects of the English language.

Standard English is the English language in its most widely accepted form, as written and spoken by educated people in both formal and informal contexts, having universal currency while incorporating regional differences.

British English is often referred to the written Standard English and the pronunciation known as Received Pronunciation (RP). It’s accent of BBC news, current Prime Minister. Only 3% of people in the UK speak with this accent.

Variants of English are regional varieties possessing a literary form.

Dialect is a variant, or variety, of a language spoken in a certain geographical area.

2. Variants of English in the United Kingdom

British English is often regarded as a collective term for the forms of English spoken on the British Isles. But there are two more variants of the English language existing on the territory of the UK. They are Scottish English and Irish English.

Scottish English is the variant of the English language spoken in Scotland. Scottish English has a long tradition as a separate written and spoken variety. Pronunciation, grammar and lexis differ from other varieties of English existing on the territory of the British Isles.

There are some differences in pronunciation between Scottish English and British English. For example, the british ‘o’ is pronounced longer that the scottish ‘o’, the scottish ‘r’ is pronounced in a different way, the ‘i’ is pronounces as ‘oi’ in scottish.

Among lexical peculiarities of Scottish English the following linguistic facts are of importance.

1. Some semantic fields are structured differently in Scottish English and British English. For example, term minor in British English is used to denote a person below the age of 18 years, while in Scottish English this term denotes 12-18 year old persons.

2. There are some Scottish words and expressions that are used and understood only in Scotland. For example: ‘I don’t know’ – “Ah dinnae ken’, ‘cannot’ – ‘cannae’, ‘yes’ – ‘aye’, ‘oh!’ – ‘och!’, ‘lake’ – ‘loch’.

Irish English is considered the variant of the English language used in Ireland.

The Irish English vocabulary is characterized by the following distinctive features:

1. the presence of words with the same form as in British English but different meanings in Irish English (backward – ‘shy’; to doubt – ‘to believe strongly’);

2. the presence of nouns taken from Irish which often relate either to food or the supernatural (banshee – ‘fairy woman’);

3. the presence of words typical only of Irish English (Irishisms) – begottah – ‘by God’;

4. the layer of words shared with Scottish English.

Besides distinctive features in lexis Irish English has grammatical, phonetical and spelling peculiarities of its own (the use of ‘does be/do be’): “They do be talking on their mobiles a lot”.

3. Local Dialects in Great Britain

There are five main groups of local dialects in Great Britain: Northern, Midland, Eastern, Western and Southern. The close link between these dialects allows us to unite them into two major groups: Southern dialects and Northern and Midlands dialects.

Southern Dialect, Cockney, is the regional dialect of London. There are some differences in pronunciation between Cockney and Standard English. For example, ‘th’-sound become [f] or [v], ‘l’ is pronounced as [w]. There are some specifically Cockney words and phrases, such as balmy, up the pole.

Northern and Midlands dialects are usually called Yorkshire dialect. It’s the dialect spoken by the majority of people in the English country of York. Some words in Yorkshire dialect seem to be Standard English but they have different meanings. For example, the word real is used to describe something good. Because of the Norman Conquest some Yorkshire words have in relation to their Scandinavian counterparts. For example, child (Standard English) – bairn (Yorkshire dialect) – barn (Modern Norwegian).

4. Variants of English outside the British Isles

4.1 American English

American English is the variety of the English language spoken in the USA. The vocabulary used by American speaker, has distinctive features of its own. There are whole groups of words which belong to American vocabulary. These words are called Americanisms.

The first group of such words may be described as historical Americanisms, e.g. fall ‘autumn’. In American English usage these words still retain their old meaning whereas in British English their meanings have changed or fell out of usage.

The second group includes words which are not likely to be discovered in British vocabulary. For example, some words of flora and fauna. Blue-grass – ‘a sort of grass peculiar to North America’.

Another group consists of words that were borrowed. For example, sombrero (Spanish borrowings).

One more group is represented by American shortenings. For example, dorm (dormitory), mo (moment), cert (certainly).

4.1.1 Local Dialects in the USA

Written American English is standardized across the country. However, there is some variation in the spoken language. Three major belts of dialects are identified: Northern, Midland and Southern.

The Northern division includes the New England settlement, New York, and the Hudson Valley, northern Pennsylvania and Ohio.

Midland speech is divided into two discrete subdivisions, the North Midland and South Midland speech.

The Southern division comprises the southern two-thirds of Delaware, the eastern part of Maryland, Virginia, North Carolina, South Carolina, Georgia and the Gulf States.

There is also one ethnic variety in the USA, African-American Vernacular English (Ebonics), that has gained national prominence and influences usage from coast to coast.

4.2 Canadian English

Canadian English is the variety of the English language used in Canada. The spelling of Canadian English is intermediate between British English and American English. But the spoken language is much closer to American English. But some terms in standard Canadian English are shared with British, e.g. busker for a street performer. Canadian English is also influenced by Canadian French, as Canada has both English and French as official languages.

Canadian English also has its own words not found in other variants of English. These words are called Canadianisms, e.g. chesterfield (‘a sofa’), to fathom out (‘to explain’).

The pronunciation of words with "ou" is the most famous feature of Canadian English. Some common examples include out, about, and house. Canadians say these words like "oat", "a boat", or "hose".

The other Canadian language habit that all Americans know is "eh". Canadians sometimes say this at the end of a sentence, with a rising intonation. "Eh" is used in casual conversation, and especially for small talk.

Nice weather we're having, eh?

4.3 Australian English

Australian English is the variety of the English language used in Australia. It is similar to British English, but it also borrows from American English, e.g. it uses truck instead of lorry. It’s most similar to New Zealand.

Australian English also incorporates several uniquely Australian terms, such as outback to refer to remote regional areas, walkabout to refer to a long journey of uncertain length.

Australian English has a unique set of diminutives formed by adding –o or –ie to the ends of words, e.g. arvo (afternoon), barbie (barbecue), bikkie (biscuit).

4.4 New Zealand English

New Zealand English is the variety of the English language spoken in New Zealand. Many local words in New Zealand English, largely borrowed from the Maori population, have arisen to describe the local flora, fauna, e.g. the names of birds (kiwi, tui), the names of fish (shellfish, hoki), the names of trees (kauri, rimu).

There are also a lot of non-Maori words that are unique to New Zealand, e.g. bach (a small holiday home), footpath (pavemen), togs ( swimming costume ).

4.5 Indian English

Indian English is the variety of the English language spoken widely in India. The language that Indians are taught in schools is British English. However, the British left India in 1947, and therefore many phrases that British may consider antique are still popular in India. Official letters continue to include phrases like please do the needful , you will intimated shortly, your obedient servant.

There are some words that are used only in Indian English, e.g. crore – ‘ten million’, mohalla – ‘an area of a town or village’.

4.6 South African English

South African English is the variety of the English language used in South Africa and surrounding countries, notably Namibia and Zimbabwe.

The English language as used in the Republic of South Africa, the first language of c. 10% (about 2.7m) of the total population of the RSA. About two-thirds of this 10% are white, and most of the rest Indian or ‘Coloured’ (mixed African and European descent). To a small but important African élite, English is a ‘second first language’, and it is spoken fluently by many Afrikaners.

In South African English there are words that don’t exist in British or American English, usually derived from African language, e.g . bra, bru – ‘male friend’, dorp – ‘a small rural town’. There also a few unique words in South African English, in which common English words take on new meanings, e.g . boy – ‘a black man’ , township – ‘urban area for black’.

Сегодня без преувеличения можно сказать, что практически весь мир говорит на английском языке, его диалекты появились во многих частях света. Мы предлагаем рассмотреть некоторые акценты английского со всего мира.

Нормативное произношение (Received Pronunciation or RP) считается стандартным акцентом литературного английского (Standard English). Received Pronunciation – южный акцент Англии. Он зачастую используется дикторами BBC. В США общий американский (General American) считается стандартным акцентом. Он похож на среднезападный акцент, его используют ведущие новостей. Тем не менее следует помнить, что ни один из этих акцентов не является официальным английским акцентом. Фактически они находятся на одном уровне с другими английскими акцентами и диалектами, включая канадский английский, новозеландский английский, южно-африканский английский, австралийский английский, кокни, шотландский английский, ирландский английский и др.

Вспомним, что диалект – это разновидность какого-либо языка, которая отличается от других его разновидностей грамматикой, произношением и правописанием, словарным запасом. Диалекты употребляются в определенной местности.

Акцент – это особая манера произношения, которая характерна для группы людей в какой-либо местности. Региональные акценты – часть региональных диалектов. Как правило, название акцента совпадает с названием диалекта, к которому он принадлежит.

Аристократический акцент. The posh English accent

Уэльский английский акцент. The Welsh English accent

Уэльский английский относится к диалектам английского языка, на котором говорят жители княжества Уэльс. Этот диалект в значительной степени подвержен влиянию уэльской грамматики и часто включает в себя слова, придуманные местными жителями. В целом же, этот тип акцента мелодичен, как песня, которая льется то вниз, то вверх. Неудивительно, ведь сами уэльсцы по своему темпераменту не бывают где-то посередине, они либо летят вверх, либо стремятся вниз. Таков и язык этого народа, в отличие от нормативного, стандартного английского, который более ровный.

Шотландский английский акцент. The Scottish English accent

Ливерпульский английский акцент. The Liverpudlian English accent or Scouse

Акцент кокни. The Cockney English accent

Это акцент рабочего класса английского общества Восточного Лондона, который считается непрестижным. Одни из наиболее примечательных особенностей этого акцента – это округление дифтонга /ai/, он больше похож на /oi/, т. е. I произносится как /oi/, find – /foind/ и др. А вот дифтонг /ei/ звучит как /ai/ в словах face, rain. Еще одна особенность – это произносить звук /h/ в начале слов перед гласными звуками и опускать в тех словах, где есть буква h, т. е. ham произносится как /æm/, а egg – /heg/. И, конечно же, межзубные /ð/ и /θ/ в буквосочетании th произносятся, как /v/ /f/, т. е. three будет звучать, как /fri:/, а that – /væt/.

Ирландский английский акцент. The Irish English accent

Английский пришел в Ирландию в XVI – XVII веках, когда ирландские земли постепенно населялись англичанами. Ирландский английский акцент развивался под влиянием самого ирландского языка (гэльского), английского акцента иммигрантов с запада и, в меньшей степени, шотландским диалектом.

В ирландском английском звук /r/ четко произносится во всех положениях, например: car – /ka:r/, corner – /korner/, far – /fa:r/. Звук th /θ,ð/ заменяется глухими /t/, /d/: that – /dæt/, thirty – /tɜːtɪ/. Дифтонг /ai/ произносится как /ɔi/, например like – /lɔik/, Irish – /ɔirɪʃ/. Ирландский английский музыкален и певуч.

Do you drive? – I do. Can you sing? – I can’t.

Американский английский акцент. The American English accent

Самая характерная и наиболее отличительная черта американского английского – это, конечно, звук /r/. Он произносится гораздо отчетливее, чем в британском варианте, и произносится во всех положениях. То есть first – /fərst/, hard – /ha:rd/, snore – /snɔːr/. Еще одна особенность – это звук /æ/ в словах типа ask, class, dance, demand (ведь в британском английском в словах такого типа этот звук произносится /a:/). Также в словах типа bother, hot, gone, rob, want звук /o/ произносится как /a:/. И, наконец, звук /ju:/, который произносят как /u:/ после букв d, n, s, t (duplicate, student, tune).

Южно-американский английский. The southern US accent

Нью-йоркский акцент (The NY English accent)

Нью-йоркский акцент или нью-йоркский диалект – один из наиболее узнаваемых американских акцентов. На нем говорят в Нью-Йорке и большей части штата, за исключением его северной части, где преобладает свой акцент.

Австралийский английский. The Australian English accent

Канадский английский. The Canadian English accent

Это диалект английского языка, на котором говорят в Канаде. Произношение этого диалекта – смесь американского и британского английского, однако канадский все же ближе по произношению к американскому с некоторым влиянием французского.

Одной из наиболее характерных черт канадского является использование eh. Предназначение его разнообразное: от междометия, эмоционального усилителя до слова в конце предложения, целью которого является получение подтверждения (как tag в разделительных вопросах). На эту тему есть много шуток, да и сами канадцы признаются в том, что используют eh довольно часто.

Итак, сейчас вы знаете, как звучат 11 английских акцентов. Выбирайте любой, который понравится, и дерзайте. А чтобы зазвучать как носитель языка, посмотрите познавательное видео:

А еще мы публикуем много интересных статей в блоге нашей школы. Вот некоторые из них:

Если вы нашли ошибку, пожалуйста, выделите фрагмент текста и нажмите Ctrl+Enter.

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