Criminal justice process in the usa кратко

Обновлено: 18.05.2024

Criminal justice
„The state prosecutes those charged with a crime. The police investigate a crime and may apprehend suspects and detain them in custody. If the police decide an offender should be prosecuted, a file on the case is sent to the Crown Prosecution Service (CPS) – the national prosecution service for England and Wales. The CPS must consider whether there is enough evidence for a realistic prospect of conviction, and if so, whether the public interest requires a prosecution. They can decide to either go ahead with the prosecution, send the case back to the police for a caution, or take no further action. Criminal proceedings can be initiated either by the serving of a summons setting out the offence and requiring the accused to attend court, or, in more serious cases, by a warrant of arrest issued by a Magistrates' Court. Lawyers from the CPS may act as public prosecutors. The Criminal Defence Service provides legal aid, which funds the services of an independent duty solicitor who represents the accused in the police station and in court. However, at the end of a Crown Court case the judge has the power to order the defendant to pay some or all of the defence costs.‟

Categories of criminal offence
'There are three categories of criminal offence. Summary offences, tried without a jury, are minor crimes only triable in the Magistrates' Court. Indictable offences are serious crimes, such as murder, which can only be heard in the Crown Court. The formal document containing the alleged offences, supported by facts, is called the indictment. A case which can be heard in either the Magistrates' Court or the Crown Court, such as theft or burglary, is triable either way. If the defendant pleads guilty, the Magistrates' Court can either proceed to sentence or commit to the Crown Court for sentence, where more severe penalties are available. If there is a not guilty plea, the court can decide the mode of trial. The person charged may request a trial by jury. If granted, such trials take place in the Crown Court.'

Criminal court proceedings
'The English system of justice is adversarial, which means that each side collects and presents their own evidence and attacks their opponent's by cross-examination. In a criminal trial, the burden of proof is on the prosecution to prove beyond reasonable doubt that the accused is guilty. A person accused or under arrest for an offence may be granted bail and temporarily released. However, bail may be refused, for example if there are grounds for believing that the accused would fail to appear for trial or commit an offence. In the Crown Court, there may be a preparatory hearing for a complex case before the jury is sworn in. Prior to the trial, there is a statutory requirement for disclosure by the prosecution and defence of material relevant to the case, for example details of any alibis – people who can provide proof of the accused's whereabouts at the time of the crime – or witnesses – people who may have seen something relevant to the crime. Once a trial has begun, the defendant may be advised by counsel to change his or her plea to guilty, in expectation of a reduced sentence. If, at the end of the trial, the court's verdict is not guilty, then the defendant is acquitted.

Уголовному правосудию
"государство преследует те предъявлено обвинение в совершении преступления. полиции расследовать преступления и задержания подозреваемых и их под стражу в период содержания под стражей. Если полиция принимает решение в отношении правонарушителя должны быть привлечены к уголовной ответственности, файл в случае отправляется в Королевской прокурорской службы (CPS) - национального уголовного преследования в Англии и Уэльсе.СУП должен рассмотреть вопрос о том, имеется ли достаточно доказательств для реалистичной перспективой осуждения, и если да, то могут ли общественные интересы требует судебного преследования. Они могут принять решение о том, чтобы либо вперед с судебного преследования, вернул дело в полиции на предостережение, или предпринимать никаких дальнейших действий.Уголовное дело может быть возбуждено либо отбывания приказ о совершении преступления и требующих обвиняемого присутствовать суда, или, в более серьезных случаях, ордер на арест, выданный магистратского суда. Юристов от CPS может действовать в качестве государственных обвинителей. Служба защиты по уголовным делам предоставляет правовую помощь,Средства на оплату услуг независимого солиситора, обвиняемого в полицейский участок и в суде. Вместе с тем, в конце короны случае судья имеет право обвиняемого на оплату некоторых или всех расходов на защиту. "ветровому категории уголовных преступлений
'существует три категории уголовных преступлений. Сводка преступлений, рассматриваются без присяжных,Это незначительные преступления, только в порядке упрощенного судопроизводства Суд магистратов. преступлений, преследуемых по обвинительному акту, тяжких преступлений, таких, как убийство, которое можно услышать только в Суде короны. Официальный документ, содержащий предполагаемых преступлений, подтвержденные фактами, называется в обвинительное заключение. Дело, которое может быть слышен либо в магистратском суде или Суде короны, такие, как кражи или ограбления, МХК.Если ответчик были правы, Магистратский суд может либо перейти в предложении или совершения Суде короны, где более суровые меры наказания. Если не признал себя виновным, суд может принять решение о порядке судебного разбирательства. Лицо может обратиться к суду присяжных. Если, подобные судебные процессы проходят в Суде короны.' ветровому уголовного разбирательства
"В английском языке системы отправления правосудия является состязательным, что означает, что каждая сторона собирает и предоставляет их собственных доказательств и нападения их оппонента перекрестный допрос свидетелей. В рамках уголовного разбирательства, бремя доказывания лежит на обвинения доказать вне всяких разумных сомнений в том, что обвиняемый был признан виновным. Лица, обвиняемого или под арестом на правонарушения, может быть предоставлен под залог, и временно освобождены. Вместе с тем,Залог может быть отказано, например, если есть основания полагать, что обвиняемый не для судебного разбирательства, или совершения преступления. В суде короны, могут проводиться слушания в сложных случаях перед присяжными, приведены к присяге. До начала судебного разбирательства, не является официальным требованием для раскрытия уголовного преследования и защиты материалы, относящиеся к делу,Например сведения о любом алиби - людей, которые могут представить доказательства по местонахождение на момент совершения преступления - или свидетелей - тех, кто, возможно, видел что-то отношение к преступности. После судебного разбирательства, ответчик может быть рекомендовано адвокатом изменить его или ее призыв к виновным, в надежде на смягчение приговора. Если в конце судебного разбирательства,В Беларуси не виновным, то оправданию подсудимого.

The criminal justice system is an integrated apparatus whose functions are to apprehend, prosecute, convict, sentence, and correct offenders. The US system is federal by its nature, i.e. it consists of three subsystems: state, local and federal criminal justice agencies. The system is composed of three components: police, court, and corrections. Each component must contribute to the same goal – the prevention and control of crime and the rehabilitation of offenders. So the effectiveness of the whole system depends on the efficient functioning of each component and their efficient interaction. But at present the criminal justice system doesn’t work successfully. Of the several million serious crimes reported every year to police, ranging from murder to car theft, only one in nine results in a conviction. The rate of solution varies with different crimes. Murder is usually reported, and 86 per cent of all reported murders lead to arrests.

In contrast, only 19 per cent of all the burglaries reported to police lead to an arrest.

Robbery – taking property from a person by force or threat of force – is a crime of violence, dangerous to life and increasing rapidly. But chances of a robber being convicted are small. Only 27 per cent of all robberies lead to an arrest.

Answer the questions in written form.

Ответьте на вопросы письменно.

1. What are the functions of criminal justice system?

2. What are the components of the system?

3. What is the goal of the criminal justice system?

4. What does the effectiveness of the system depend on?

5. Why are only two-thirds of cases of murder and robbery prosecutable?

6. What is robbery?

7. Does the system work successfully?

Put all types of questions to the sentences.

Поставьте все типы вопросов к следующим предложениям. Обозначьте тип вопроса.

1. The effectiveness of the whole system depends on the efficient functioning of each component.

2. The system is composed of three components: police, court, and corrections.

Курс 6 семестр.

Контрольная работа №6.

Вариант 4.

Translate from Russian into English.

Переведите с русского на английский язык.

1. Если бы полиция прибыла на место преступления раньше, она бы успела опросить всех свидетелей.

2. Как бы я хотел быть хорошим адвокатом.

3. Если бы он знал, что это вас расстроит, он был бы осторожнее.

4. Жаль, что он отказался принять участие в процессе.

Change the sentences using Passive Voice.

Измените предложения, используя Passive Voice.

1. Two members from each state elected for a term of six years compose the Senate.

2. They have built excellent shelters for tourists in these mountains.

3. She has told us a lot of interesting things.

4. The district courts try most of the criminal and civil cases.

5. We received a paper from the court.

6. During the election campaign Reigan and his party spent much money in order to become the President of the USA.

7. They often speak about him.

Use the verbs in the correct tense forms.

Поставьте глаголы в скобках в правильную форму.

1. When we (to come) to the station, our train already (to leave), and we (to have) to wait for two hours before another one (to come).

2. I was anxious to see the place where I (to spend) my childhood.

3. Victor asked me to explain the new rule to him, as he (to miss) the previous lesson.

4. I didn’t recognize Helen as I (not to see) her for a very long time and she greatly (to change).

5. Jane usually works in the library. She (to work) there now. She already (to gather) the necessary material and now she (to write) her report.

6. On entering the drawing room he (to find) that his two friends (to get) up and (to wait) for him.

7. It was very late. I (to go) to bed and (to fall) asleep when my father (to return) home.

Работа содержит 1 файл

КР Английский2.doc

Вариант №1

Task I. Read the text General Information about the USA. Translate it in writing.

Общая информация о США

Территория Соединённых Штатов Америки простирается от Атлантического побережья через центральные равнины и Скалистые горы к густонаселённому западному побережью, и, далее к островам, на которых расположен штат Гавайи.

В наше время Соединённые Штаты Америки являются федеральной республикой, состоящей из пятидесяти штатов, каждый из которых имеет собственное правительство, полицию и законы.

Президент является главой государства. Он формирует Кабинет министров, который является исполнительной властью. Законодательной властью наделён Конгресс, состоящий из двух палат: Сената и Палаты Представителей.

Task II. Make up questions to the following sentences:

  1. What does the President choose?
  2. When was the United States of America found in?
  3. How many states are there in the United States of America?
  4. Does each of fifty states have its own state government, its own police and its own laws?
  5. Who built and developed the country?

Task III. Change the following sentences into the Passive Voice using the same tense:

  1. A great part of work to finding missing and wanted persons is devoted by the police.
  2. The guilt of the suspect has been proved by the investigating officers.
  3. Sufficient physical evidence was presented by the witnesses.
  4. A suspect is being looked for by the police.
  5. The connection of the criminal with the offense was proved by them.

Task IV. Put the verb in the correct form:

Mum was watching some stupid film after dinner, so she made me take Dad's tea into his study. It was about nine o'clock. He was in a really mean mood. He shouted at me because I spilled a few drops of tea on his desk while I was pouring it. I didn’t want to watch the film so I crept out by the back door. I decided to go down to the village and use the public phone to call Alan. He's my boyfriend. I have never liked Mum or Dad to be around when I am talking to him. Especially yesterday, because Dad and I had a stupid argument about Alan the day before. It normally takes a quarter of an hour to walk to the village. Perhaps, it took less time last night. I can't prove I went to the village. No one saw me when I was walking into the village. I saw Gerald, that's Dad s business partner. He was standing near the window in his sitting-room. He didn’t see me, though, because it was dark outside. He was talking on the phone, I think. Alan didn’t answer the phone. Then I remember he has told me he is playing in a concert that evening. So I walked home again. I met Gerald just before I have reached our house. He was looking for his dog. That was about twenty to ten. I came in by the back door as quietly as possible and went to bed. I didn't want to see my parents again that evening.

Part 2

Task I. Read the text “Criminal Justice Process in the USA”, find English equivalents.

Уголовный процесс – criminal justice process,

судебное разбирательство – court process, trial,

обвинение – arraignment, charge,

произвести арест – to arrest,

совершить тяжкое преступление – to commit a felony,

тюремное заключение – imprisonment,

правоохранительные органы – the law enforcement agency,

обвиняемый – defendant, accused,

снимать отпечатки пальцев – fingerprint,

картотека – the booking card, file,

уголовное судопроизводство – criminal court process,

мелкие правонарушения – petty offence,

суд низшей инстанции – summary trial,

слушать дело – to hear a case,

подвергать уголовному преследованию – to prosecute,

признать себя виновным – to plead guilty,

суд присяжных – jury trial,

вынести приговор – to find a verdict,

определить наказание – to decide on a penalty,

осудить условно – to place on probation.

Criminal Justice Process in the USA

Basically, the steps in the criminal court processes are as follows: arrest and booking, arraignment, trial and appeals (if any). A person who comes into contact with the criminal courts must initially be arrested. The arrest may take place with or without using a warrant (e.g. when an offense takes place in the presence of the officer, or when there is probable or reasonable cause to believe that a felony or misdemeanor has been committed). After an arrest the suspect may be released without being prosecuted for a variety of reasons: mistaken identity, lack of proper evidence, etc.

After the arrest is made, the suspect is booked. The booking card of the law enforcement agency contains information such as the date and time of arrest, the charge or crime for which the person was arrested, the name of the arrested person, the name of the arresting officer. Here the accused is photographed, fingerprinted, and temporarily released on bail, if possible. The record or booking card is permanently kept in the files of the police department.

At arraignment, summary trials can be held for petty offenses without further processing. During the initial appearance before a magistrate's, judge or justice of the peace, the accused is to answer the charges against him. The initial appearance may also serve as the trial for minor offenses that have payment of a fine or a relatively short time in jail as punishment. Once the judge finds a verdict of guilt, the accused is sentenced to jail or payment of a fine. The defendant may also be placed on probation for a specified length of time. If sentenced to jail, he may be granted parole.

Then another arraignment is held. If the defendant pleads guilty a date for him to be sentenced is set by the judge. If the defendant pleads not guilty, he may request to have a jury trial or be tried by the court without a jury. At the trial, if the defendant is convicted, a date for sentencing is set.

Before imposing the actual sentence an investigation by the probation officer takes place to assist the judge in deciding on a penalty. The defendant may be fined, sentenced to jail, or placed on probation. During this period the defendant can appeal his conviction. As a rule, the appeal slays the execution of the sentence. If the appeal is unsuccessful or the defendant decides not to appeal, the penalty is imposed.

Task II. Give the definitions:

An accused is a person charged with an offense.

A criminal is a person who is guilty of a crime.

A defendant is an accused in criminal proceedings.

A suspect is a person who is suspected of something.

A convict is a person convicted of a crime by a judicial body .

Task III. Find in the text above Participle I, Participle II, Gerund and Infinitive.

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