Английские театры в 16 веке кратко на английском

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English Theatre History
Early Theatre to 1737

Mystery Plays
Early theatre in England was religious. Theatre became a popular form of teaching the Bible and Christianity to ordinary people. These were called the Mystery Plays.
Small companies moved from town to town performing stories from the bible, performing on pageant wagons in town squares or in the grounds of churches.

Mystery Plays
Pageant Wagons arriving in Brussels for a festival of theatre and performance.

Secular Drama
All religious drama in England was suppressed as a result of the Reformation. In the 1530s the court of Henry VIII was opulent and extravagant. Henry saw entertainment as a vital way to impress his courtiers and foreign kings. The Court employed jesters and musicians for entertainment and small companies of actors took on the livery of an aristocratic patron.

The First Playhouses
By the 1570s purpose-built playhouses started appearing in London as secular drama began to predominate. In 1576 Britain’s first playhouse ‘The Theatre’ was built by Leicester’s Men in Finsbury Fields. This was outside the city walls as the City of London was hostile to public performances.

The First Playhouses
Many new theatre’s were built using the this design. The most famous was The Globe.
However, there was one theatre that was built indoors in Blackfriars. This attracted a very up-market crowd.

The First Playhouses
London, 1616.
The South Bank was outside the control of the city, so a number of different theatres opened as they were beyond the control of the cities authorities.

Elizabethan Theatre
In the late 16th century theatres were popular with everyone and their audiences had a voracious appetite for new plays. New companies flourished and writers were employed to satisfy the demand for novelty.

Elizabethan Theatre
Companies were hierarchical - actors who had a stake in the company were called ‘sharers’ and divided up the profit between them; ‘hirelings’ were just paid a weekly wage, whilst the boys who played women’s roles were ‘apprentices’ and paid very little. Actors specialised in specific roles which they performed as part of their repertoire.

Richard Burbage has been called the first great English actor. He was the leading player in Shakespeare’s company, the Chamberlain’s Men, which later became the King's Men. Burbage created many of the leading roles in Shakespeare's plays. He specialised in tragic roles and was the first Hamlet, King Lear, Othello and, as here, the first Richard III.

17th Century.
King James I and later his son Charles I commissioned private performances called ‘masques’ which involved music, dance, opulent costumes and extraordinary scenery and special effects. They were at and to members of the Royal Court. Such lavish court entertainments was fashionable throughout Europe as an expression of princely power.

Inigo Jones.
Inigo Jones introduced the proscenium arch and moveable scenery arranged in perspective into British theatre.
Inigo Jones’s scenery used a series of shutters that slid in and out using grooves in the floor. He even flew in scenery from above and introduced coloured lighting by placing candles behind tinted glass.

In 1642 civil war broke out in England and theatres were closed to prevent public disorder. The theatres remained closed for 18 years.

Restoration Drama
The introduction of scenery and elaborate stage machinery on the English public stage in the 1660s gave rise to blockbusting semi-opera’s. Many of these were adaptations of other plays - often by Shakespeare. These had episodes of music, singing, dancing and special effects.

Restoration Drama
The 1674 production of The Tempest had many spectacular scenes including a storm. The advances in scene design impacted on the design of theatre buildings, and behind the thrust stage a scenic stage was added, framed by a proscenium arch.
Purcell's song ‘Come to these Yellow Sands’ written for The Tempest, by William Shakespeare.

Charles II
Charles II had a taste for the drama and opera he had seen in exile in France. He encouraged
the introduction of women on stage, thus breaking with the tradition of boy actors taking female roles.
the introduction of moveable perspective scenery which revolutionised staging and the design of theatre buildings.
he also licensed two venues for performance; Lincoln’s Inn Fields and Drury Lane, these became known as the Patent Theatres.
he permitted a wide-ranging repertory: tragedies, comedies, plays, opera, musical theatre and dancing.

Women in theatre
Other notable actresses included Elizabeth Barry who was known as the queen of tragedy. She was trained for the stage by the notorious womaniser the Earl of Rochester, who was also her lover.

The most infamous actress of this period was Nell Gwyn, who was painted nude for Charles II and bore him two children.

18th Century Theatre
The 18th century saw the flourishing of theatre as a popular pastime, and many theatres were enlarged. When built by Christopher Wren in 1674 Drury Lane had held less than 1,000 people. In 1794 it was rebuilt to hold 3000. New playhouses were constructed across London and the first playhouses also opened in the provinces.

The Beggars Opera
One of the most successful shows on the London Stage in the early part of the 18th century was the ballad opera The Beggars Opera John Gay recycled popular songs of the day and wrote new lyrics that were humorous and satirical.
Fill Every Glass
Turtle Dove

David Garrick
Garrick is one of Britain’s greatest actors and the first to be called a star.
Garrick changed the whole style of acting. He rejected the fashion for declamation, where actors would strike a pose and speak their lines formally. Garrick preferred a more easy, natural manner of speech and movement. The effect was a more subtle, less mannered style of acting and a move towards realism.
Garrick as Richard III

The Licensing Act, 1737.
The Act restricted the production of plays to the two Patent Theatres and tightened up the censorship of drama, stating that the Lord Chamberlain with his Examiners of Plays must vet any script before a performance was allowed.
The Act was put in place by Prime Minister Robert Walpole who was concerned that political satire on the stage was undermining him and the authority of the government.

Censorship
In 1843 the Patent Act was dropped, enabling other theatres to present drama. However, the Lord Chamberlain’s censorship of plays remained in place until 1968. One of the last play to be censored was Edward Bond’s production of Saved in 1965.

Theatres in the 16th century were not like they are today. They were round buildings open to the sry in the middle. There were no lights or lamps and they showed their plays in the afternoon. The actors (men and boys only) perdormed on the stage where (1). Most of the audience stood to watch a play for a pennny. More expensive tickets could get you a seat in the gallery or in a box. In those days theatre (2). the rich and the poor.
In 1598 Shakespeare's company of actors had a serious problem with renting the building. So one snowy (3). they took their belongings to the south bank of the Thames. Then they built the theatre in just 28 days and called in The Globe.
By that time Shakespeare already had a reputation of a poet and a dramatist, or playwright. Sadly, in 1613 during a performance The Globe caught fire, (4). They rebuilt it but soon the Puritans closed the theatre and (5).
Anyway, it happened after William Shakespeare had left London for Stratford where he lived out the last years of his life and (6). his birthday.
During his life he wrote 37 playes, several longer poems and 154 sonnets. His sonnets are (7). wise and beautiful. Even nowadays people learn them by heart and remember lines from them. The great writer's plays are no less popular. One of their secrets kies in the fact that he was so great at using words: he could (and still can) make audiences sad, happy, thrilled, excited. He (8). (a lot more than most writers). We know for a fact that Shakespeare made up about 2,000 new words himself, some of his phrases have become so common that people use them every day. His works teach us to understood life and people and will always be internationally important.

a) destroyed it again
b) was an entertainment for both
c) 14-line love poems
d) there was no scenery
e) winter's night
f) died in 1616 on April 23
g) used 18,000 different words
h) which destroyed it

Театры в 16 веке были не такие, как сегодня. Они были круглые здания открыты для сры в середине. Не было никаких светильников или ламп, и они показали свои спектакли в день. Актеров (мужчин и мальчиков) perdormed на сцене, где (1). Большинство зрителей стояли, чтобы посмотреть спектакль на pennny. Более дорогие билеты могут получить место в галерее или в коробке. В те дни театр (2). богатыми и бедными.
В компании 1598 Шекспира актеров были серьезные проблемы с арендой здания. Так Снежная (3). они взяли свои пожитки на южном берегу Темзы. Затем они построили театр всего за 28 дней и называется в миру.
К этому времени Шекспир уже имел репутацию поэта и драматурга, или драматурга. К сожалению, в 1613 году во время спектакля земного шара загорелась, (4). Они восстановили его, но вскоре Пуритане закрыли театр и (5).
В любом случае, это произошло после того, как Уильям Шекспир покинул Лондон в Стратфорде, где он прожил последние годы своей жизни и (6). в день его рождения.
За свою жизнь он написал 37 плайе, несколько поэм и 154 сонетов. Его сонеты (7). мудрой и красивой. Даже в наше время люди узнают их наизусть и помню строчки из них. Великого писателя играет не менее популярны. Один из их в Kies секретов в том, что он отлично, используя слова: он мог (и может) сделать аудиторий грустно, счастлив, взволнован, возбужден. Он (8). (много больше, чем большинство писателей). Мы знаем, что Шекспир составила около 2000 новых слов себя, некоторые его фразы стали настолько обычны, что люди используют их каждый день. Его произведения учат нас понимать жизнь и людей и всегда будет

Мы продолжаем изучать театральные особенности разных стран и времен. Сегодня, даже сейчас, вы узнаете об эпохе одного из самых загадочных драматургов, личность которого до сих пор вызывает вопросы.

Прежде, чем в мир драматургии пришёл Уильям Шекспир, в Англии произошли значимые для театра события. Ещё до середины XVI века в Лондоне не существовало специальных зданий для спектаклей, а актёры были бродягами. Они выступали то в гостиничных дворах, то в дворцовых залах — в общем, где придётся.

В конце XVI - начале XVII вв. все театры Лондона строились исключительно за чертой города, то есть на восточном берегу Темзы. Это вызвано тем, что городской совет считал развлекательные учреждения чрезвычайно шумными источниками заразы.

Сцена находилась на подмостках, из которых в зависимости от сюжета появлялись привидения (вспоминаем Гамлета и дух его отца). Этот помост также подразумевал ад, куда попадали грешники. Сама сцена интерпретировалась как земная жизнь, а балкончик над ней — небеса. Позади помоста располагались двери и лоджия. Они также использовались для мизансцен, например, когда Ромео приходит к балкону Джульетты. Ещё одной особенностью общественных театров является отсутствие крыши. Актёры всегда выступали днём (примерно в 12-13 часов), потому что им требовалось естественное освещение.

Шекспировский театр был очень условным. Успех постановки зависел, в том числе, и от воображения зрителей. Поэтому драматурги и труппа старались помочь публике погрузиться в мир пьесы. Для того, чтобы зрители поняли, что действие в спектакле происходит ночью, актёры ходили по сцене с зажженными факелами или говорили о времени суток. Например, герои могли желать друг другу доброй ночи или объявить о том, что часы бьют двенадцать.

Также стоит отметить немалоизвестный, но важный факт: актрис в английском театре не было из-за религии. Все женские роли играли мужчины, как и мужские, что логично.

Спектакли Шекспира шли примерно два часа, однако антрактов не было. Зрители общались в полный голос, обсуждали происходящее на сцене, ели и даже справляли нужду прямо во время представления в специальную емкость, которую носил работник театра.

Для того, чтобы известить горожан о предстоящем спектакле, актеры кричали и били в барабан, над театром вывешивался флаг. Позже появились театральные афиши, в которых имя драматурга не было указано, да и публику это не интересовало.

Безусловно, эпоха Шекспира была знаменательной и важной для театра Англии. Однако не стоит думать, что этот вид искусства получил такое развитие лишь благодаря Шекспиру. Кроме него в эпоху Возрождения способствовали процветанию театра такие драматурги, как Томас Кид, Кристофер Марло, Роберт Грин, Бэн-Джонсон, Джон Форд, Бьюмонт и Флетчер.

На рисунке заметно, что зрители размещаются не только в партере и галереях, но и в пространстве над сценой, из чего исследователи делают вывод,
что де Витт посетил театр во время репетиции и люди в галерее над сценой — актеры, наблюдающие за представлением.

Панорама Лондона

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