The languages spoken in great britain доклад
Обновлено: 08.07.2024
We may recall that in OE and Early ME periods the English dialects were confined to part of the British Isles: they were spoken in what is known as England proper; from the 13th to the 17th c. the English language extended to the whole of the British Isles with the exception of some mountainous regions in Wales, Northern Scotland and some parts of Ireland.
The number of English-speaking people grew: at the end of the 11th c. it is estimated at one and a half or two million people; by 1700 English had over eight million speakers. In the course of two centuries of British expansion overseas, colonisation and emigration to other continents, the number of English speakers increased at such a high rate that by 1900 it had reached one hundred and twenty three million.
England’s colonial expansion to the New World began in the late 16th c. when her first colonies were set up in Newfoundland (1583). But the real start came later: in 1607 the first permanent settlements were founded in Jamestown and in 1620 the famous ship “Mayflower” brought a group of English settlers to what became known as New England. These Puritan fugitives from the Stuart absolutism came from the London area, from East Anglia and Yorkshire; later colonists came from other regions, including Scotland and Ireland. Immigrants to the Southern areas were of a higher class origin; they received vast stretches of land from the kings of England and gave rise to the Southern “aristocratic” slave-owning plantators. Many immigrants from Great Britain settled in the West-Indies, which became a part of the British Empire in the 17th c.
The colonists spoke different dialects of English. In North America those dialects gradually blended into a new type of the language, American English; contacts with other languages, especially Spanish in the South and French in Canada, have played a certain role in its development.
American English was first proclaimed to be an independent language by Noah Webster (1758—1843), a schoolmaster from Connecticut. In his DICTIONARY OF THE ENGLISH LANGUAGE (1828), the first in the world-famous series of “Websters”, he showed the differences in vocabulary and pronunciation between the English of Britain and the English of the new independent state (after the War for Independence, which ended in 1783); Am E, in his opinion, was a pure uncorrupted descendant of Chaucer and Shakespeare, while Br E had been spoiled by linguistic change. He admitted, though, that the two types of English were basically identical.
The expansion of English to Asia is mainly connected with the occupation of India. India was one of the main issues in the colonial struggle of European powers in the 18th c. The conquest of India had been prepared by the activities of the East Indian trade company founded in the 17th c. In the late 18th c. Britain secured partial control over the administration in some of the Indian provinces. In the first half of the 19th c. India became a British colony and Britain acquired other possessions in Asia, turning them into colonies, dominions or protectorates. Thus the English language extended to many areas in Asia, as the language of the state and writing.
Australia was a place of deportation of British convicts since the late 18th c. A flow of immigrants were attracted to Australia, at first by the free grants of land, later — by the discovery of gold. The bulk of the population in Australia, as well as in New Zealand, came from Great Britain; their language is regarded by some linguists as an independent geographical variant of English, though its difference from Br E is not great: it is confined to some peculiarities of pronunciation and specific words.
British penetration into Africawas a lengthy affair that extended over the 19th c. In consequence of financial dependence on British capital, Sudan and Egypt fell under British political control. Tropical Africa and South Africa were raided by the British navy, as sources of slave labour for America and the West Indies. Trade companies were supported by open warfare, and in a long series of wars many African territories fell under British rule. Cecil Rhodes and H. Kitchener undertook to extend British territories, so as to connect Cairo and the Cape colony by a stretch of British land. Numerous conflicts with the Dutch settlers in South Africa led to the Anglo-Boer war of 1899-1902, which established the supremacy of the British. All these events were accompanied by the spread of English to new areas.
In the course of the 20th c. Great Britain lost the greater part of its possessions overseas and the use of the English language was reduced. We should distinguish between countries with an English speaking population (or with a large proportion of English speakers) and countries in which English is used only as the state language, the main language of the press, radio and literature. The distinction, however, is not always possible, for in both groups of countries part of the population is bilingual, and the proportion of English speakers cannot be precisely estimated. The list of countries with an English-speaking population outside the British Isles includes the United States of America, Australia, New Zealand, Canada and the South African Republic.
National language – the language, which embraces all the varieties of the language used by the nation including dialects.
National literary language – the recognized standard forms of the language, both written and spoken; for earlier periods of history the term “literary language” may indicate the language of writing in a wider sense, including chronicles, legal documents, religious texts, etc. A mature national literary language is characterised by codified norms or rules of usage and functional stylistic differentiation.
A) Principal:
1. Rastorgueva T.A. A History of -English. M., 1983. – Chapter XI (P.149-163), Chapter XII (P.164-184).
B) Supplementary:
1. Залесcкая Л.Д., Матвеева Д.А. Пособие по истории английского языка для заочных отделений факультетов английского языка педагогических институтов. – М., 1984. – C. 59-62, 83.
2. Иванова И.П., Чахоян Л.П., Беляева Т.М. История английского языка. – СПб.,1999. – С.19-40.
Geographical Expansion of the English Language from the 17th to 19th c.
In the last three hundred years the English language has extended to all the continents of the world and the number of English speakers has multiplied.
We may recall that in OE and Early ME periods the English dialects were confined to part of the British Isles: they were spoken in what is known as England proper; from the 13th to the 17th c. the English language extended to the whole of the British Isles with the exception of some mountainous regions in Wales, Northern Scotland and some parts of Ireland.
The number of English-speaking people grew: at the end of the 11th c. it is estimated at one and a half or two million people; by 1700 English had over eight million speakers. In the course of two centuries of British expansion overseas, colonisation and emigration to other continents, the number of English speakers increased at such a high rate that by 1900 it had reached one hundred and twenty three million.
England’s colonial expansion to the New World began in the late 16th c. when her first colonies were set up in Newfoundland (1583). But the real start came later: in 1607 the first permanent settlements were founded in Jamestown and in 1620 the famous ship “Mayflower” brought a group of English settlers to what became known as New England. These Puritan fugitives from the Stuart absolutism came from the London area, from East Anglia and Yorkshire; later colonists came from other regions, including Scotland and Ireland. Immigrants to the Southern areas were of a higher class origin; they received vast stretches of land from the kings of England and gave rise to the Southern “aristocratic” slave-owning plantators. Many immigrants from Great Britain settled in the West-Indies, which became a part of the British Empire in the 17th c.
The colonists spoke different dialects of English. In North America those dialects gradually blended into a new type of the language, American English; contacts with other languages, especially Spanish in the South and French in Canada, have played a certain role in its development.
American English was first proclaimed to be an independent language by Noah Webster (1758—1843), a schoolmaster from Connecticut. In his DICTIONARY OF THE ENGLISH LANGUAGE (1828), the first in the world-famous series of “Websters”, he showed the differences in vocabulary and pronunciation between the English of Britain and the English of the new independent state (after the War for Independence, which ended in 1783); Am E, in his opinion, was a pure uncorrupted descendant of Chaucer and Shakespeare, while Br E had been spoiled by linguistic change. He admitted, though, that the two types of English were basically identical.
The expansion of English to Asia is mainly connected with the occupation of India. India was one of the main issues in the colonial struggle of European powers in the 18th c. The conquest of India had been prepared by the activities of the East Indian trade company founded in the 17th c. In the late 18th c. Britain secured partial control over the administration in some of the Indian provinces. In the first half of the 19th c. India became a British colony and Britain acquired other possessions in Asia, turning them into colonies, dominions or protectorates. Thus the English language extended to many areas in Asia, as the language of the state and writing.
Australia was a place of deportation of British convicts since the late 18th c. A flow of immigrants were attracted to Australia, at first by the free grants of land, later — by the discovery of gold. The bulk of the population in Australia, as well as in New Zealand, came from Great Britain; their language is regarded by some linguists as an independent geographical variant of English, though its difference from Br E is not great: it is confined to some peculiarities of pronunciation and specific words.
British penetration into Africawas a lengthy affair that extended over the 19th c. In consequence of financial dependence on British capital, Sudan and Egypt fell under British political control. Tropical Africa and South Africa were raided by the British navy, as sources of slave labour for America and the West Indies. Trade companies were supported by open warfare, and in a long series of wars many African territories fell under British rule. Cecil Rhodes and H. Kitchener undertook to extend British territories, so as to connect Cairo and the Cape colony by a stretch of British land. Numerous conflicts with the Dutch settlers in South Africa led to the Anglo-Boer war of 1899-1902, which established the supremacy of the British. All these events were accompanied by the spread of English to new areas.
In the course of the 20th c. Great Britain lost the greater part of its possessions overseas and the use of the English language was reduced. We should distinguish between countries with an English speaking population (or with a large proportion of English speakers) and countries in which English is used only as the state language, the main language of the press, radio and literature. The distinction, however, is not always possible, for in both groups of countries part of the population is bilingual, and the proportion of English speakers cannot be precisely estimated. The list of countries with an English-speaking population outside the British Isles includes the United States of America, Australia, New Zealand, Canada and the South African Republic.
National language – the language, which embraces all the varieties of the language used by the nation including dialects.
National literary language – the recognized standard forms of the language, both written and spoken; for earlier periods of history the term “literary language” may indicate the language of writing in a wider sense, including chronicles, legal documents, religious texts, etc. A mature national literary language is characterised by codified norms or rules of usage and functional stylistic differentiation.
A) Principal:
1. Rastorgueva T.A. A History of -English. M., 1983. – Chapter XI (P.149-163), Chapter XII (P.164-184).
B) Supplementary:
1. Залесcкая Л.Д., Матвеева Д.А. Пособие по истории английского языка для заочных отделений факультетов английского языка педагогических институтов. – М., 1984. – C. 59-62, 83.
2. Иванова И.П., Чахоян Л.П., Беляева Т.М. История английского языка. – СПб.,1999. – С.19-40.
a tongue-язык, an occupation-завоевание, to invade-вторгаться, an invasion-вторжение, roughly-примерно, compulsory-обязательный, a majority-большинство, overall-общий, полный, to introduce-вводить, привносить , related to - связанный, primarily – главным образом, to decline - уменьшаться, native-родной, to die out-вымирать, to revive-возрождаться, fluently-бегло, broadcast - вещание, a descendant - потомок, a tribe - племя
ОСНОВНАЯ ЛИТЕРАТУРА ПО ТЕМЕ УРОКА
ТЕОРЕТИЧЕСКИЙ МАТЕРИАЛ ДЛЯ САМОСТОЯТЕЛЬНОГО ИЗУЧЕНИЯ
There are different Indo-European languages spoken in the British Isles.
English is a Germanic language and began to develop in the 5th century AD when Anglo-Saxon tribes invaded Britain. The other languages are Celtic. They are Welsh, Irish Gaelic, Scottish Gaelic, Manx Gaelic and Cornish. During the Roman occupation and before the Anglo-Saxon invasion the historic native tongue of most of Britain was Brythonic, similar to Welsh. A direct descendant of Brythonic is Cornish – the native language of Cornwall, a region in the south-west Britain.
It’s died out as a spoken language in the 18th century but it has recently been revived and nowadays around 300 people speak it fluently. Modern Welsh is spoken by roughly 20% of the population in Wales and it’s compulsory to study it at school because it’s the official language together with English. A third of the population of Ireland overall speak Irish Gaelic and the majority of the population speak English. Scottish Gaelic was introduced from Ireland about the 6th century AD so it’s closely related to Irish. It’s spoken primarily in the Highlands and in the Western Isles. Unfortunately, the use of the language nowadays is declining. Manx Gaelic is the native language of the population of the Isle of Man. Nowadays it’s spoken by 2% as the second language.
РАЗБОР РЕШЕНИЯ ТРЕНИРОВОЧНЫХ ЗАДАНИЙ
ЗАДАНИЕ 6: Восстановление последовательности элементов горизонтальное / вертикальное
Make up the sentences from the parts:
1. were, African, see, travellers, tribe, impressed, to, the, the,
2. turned, she, tongue, fluently, that, her, is, and, speaks, it, native, it, out, French.
3. the, were, revived, surprised, animal, when, learnt, rare, scientists, they, had, that, the
4. influenced, the, of, country, invasion, parts, all, the.
1. The travellers were impressed to see the African tribe.
2. It turned out that her native tongue is French and she speaks it fluently.
3. The scientists were surprised when they learnt that the rare animal had revived.
4. The invasion influenced all parts of the country.
1.Задание проверяет знание порядка слов как в простом, так и в сложном предложении.
2.Внимательно читаете все слова в цепочке
3. Находите грамматическую основу как главного, так и придаточного предложения
4.Устанавливаете зависимость прочих членов предложения от каждой грамматической основы.
5. Если вы поняли, что имеете дело с придаточным предложением, то находите связку – наречие или союзное слово – и устанавливаете, какой тип придаточного предложения перед вами: относительное, причины, следствия или результата.
6. Соединяете все члены сложного предложения
7. Внимательно читаете полученное предложения ещё раз, помня о порядке слов и обращая особое внимание на употребление артиклей, местоимений разных групп, предлогов и союзов.
ЗАДАНИЕ 3 : Выбор элемента из выпадающего списка
Текст задания: Choose the right answer:
1. The education in the country is compulsory/descendant.
2. She speaks Italian fluently/overall as she lived there.
3. The number of the rural population has declined/related.
4. The land was uninhabited after the enemy’s overall/invasion.
5. Some Indian tribes/invaders live as their ancestors did.
6. The tradition seemed to be lost but nowadays it is reviving/dying out.
1.Задание проверяет знание ЛЕ, изученных на уроке.
2.Внимательно читаете каждое предложение, обращая внимание на то, какая часть речи требуется после слова, где вам следует сделать выбор (в случае, если на выбор даются разные части речи).
3. Вспоминаете слова и выражения, изученные на уроке
4. Выбираете слово, подходящее по смыслу и значению
5.После выполнения задания внимательно читаете полученные предложения ещё раз.
It is incorrect to call the inhabitants of the UK the English. Only people outside the British Isles do so.
These four nationalities make up the British nation or the Britons.
The British is the nation, whose ancestors settled in the British Isles at different times.
The density of population in Great Britain is one of the highest in the world and the average number is 220 people per square kilometre. Four out of every five people in Britain live in numerous towns and cities. This means that the majority of the population is urban.
People of different races live in the UK. They usually represent inhabitants of the former British colonies. There are also many people of Asian, West Indian and African origin living in Britain.
Until recently, British politics tended to be dominated by England, but both Wales and Scotland now have their own political assemblies, as well as they are represented in the British Parliament.
In Ireland, the political situation is difficult because of nationalism and religious views of its people.
As for the language, British law does not recognize any language as official. And the English language is not the only language that is spoken in the UK. But English is the only language used in England for general official business.
The other national languages of the UK are Welsh, Irish Gaelic and Scottish Gaelic. It is so because Welsh, Scottish and Irish people feel their national identity very strongly and value their cultural heritage.
Wales is officially bilingual. In Wales the Welsh language is used alongside English. Welsh is treated by law as an equal to English. And in Scotland over 75,000 people speak Scottish Gaelic.
Standard English or the Queen’s English is the same English language, but it is called so because it is spoken by educated people in Britain.
Besides standard literary English there exist regional and social dialects. One of such dialects which is well-known all over the world is the dialect called Cockney. Cockney is spoken colloquially in London.
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Описание презентации по отдельным слайдам:
The presentation is made by Kuzheleva V.V., a teacher of English , school 1, Kirsanov Some historical facts about Great Britain and development of the English language
How did the English history start? About 3 thousand years BC people from the north of Spain (the Iberian Peninsula) came to many parts of Europe, including the British Isles. So, those people who lived on the territory of Great Britain in the earliest times were of the Iberian origin (иберийцы). The Iberians used stone weapons and tools.
A Mysterious monument of the Past One of the most mysterious monuments of prehistoric Britain is Stonehenge. It was constructed before 2000 B.C. It is a trace of the ancestors of the British people. Why exactly it was built is unknown, but it may have religious and political significance. No one can tell for sure how these large stones were moved or from what places they were brought. Stonehenge is still a mystery to scholars and to all the descendents.
Stonehenge is situated 130 km south – east of London, not far from Salisbury in the southern part of England. It is a circle (33 m in diametre) of huge stone slabs. Vertical stones are about 4 m height, 2 m width , each of them weighs for about 25 tons.
The Tribes of Celts In the 7-th century BC the Iberians faced a great problem because the British Isles were invaded by the Celts (кельты). These tribes may have come from the eastern and central Europe. Each tribe of Celtic people was ruled by its own king or queen. The priests, called druids, were important members of them. Druids preserved all religious teachings, tribal laws, history, medicine and natural philosophy. Celtic tribes were represented by the Picts (пикты) , the Scots (скотты) and the Britons (бритты).
Celtic Symbols and Belongings
Celtic Tribes – the Picts, the Britons, the Scots The Picts settled in the mountains in the North. Some Picts and several tribes of the Scots settled in Ireland. But later the Scots decided to return from Ireland to the larger island of present-day Great Britain. They chose its northern part. Now this part is called Scotland. The Britons were the most powerful of all the Celtic tribes and they occupied most of the country including island’s southern half. It was named Britain after them. The Britons chose land for living along the rivers or near the coast of the sea. What they did was fishing, growing wheat and breeding sheep in the meadows. The Iberians (иберийцы) were weak compared to the Celts. They couldn’t fight back because the Celts were well-armed with metal spears, swords and axes. Hardly anything is left of the Celtic languages except for the names of some rivers – the Thames, the Mersey, the Severn and the Avon and 2 large cities – London and Leeds. SCOTS PICTS GAELICS BRITONS
The Roman Empire The Roman Empire became extremely strong in the 1-st century BC. This Empire was the last and the greatest civiliza-tion of the ancient world. At that time 2 thousand years ago the Celtic people were still living in tribes. And Roman society was very much different from the Celts in many ways.
The Roman Conquest of Britain Romans (римляне) first attacked Britain in 55-54 BC under Julius Caesar. But they really conquered the country in the 1-st century AD (Anno Domini), in 43 AD when the Roman Emperor Claudius decided to make Britain part of the Roman Empire, and Britain became one of its numerous provinces. Romans forced the population of Britain to pay tribute.
What did the Romans do for Britain? The Romans left Britain only in the second half of the 5-th century because the Roman army was called back to fight in Gaul(France) where it defended the country from barbaric peoples. The Romans left great heritage after them - the towns with streets, markets and shops; the houses with baths and central heating, sewage, drainage; the use of the Latin language and the new religion – Christianity.
The Anglo – Saxon Conquest of Britain The Celts remained independent when the Roman armies left Britain but it did not last long. Already in the 4-th century Britain was raided by the Germanic tribes – the Angles (англы), the Saxons (саксы) and the Jutes (юты). The tribes of Angles and Saxons came from the territory of modern Germany and Denmark. As for the Jutes, their tribe was smaller and they came from Juteland (modern northern Denmark). All beautiful towns and buildings left by the Romans were destroyed by these barbaric people. Of all 3 tribes, the Angles became the strongest. Later 2 tribes of the Angles and the Saxons united and were called Anglo – Saxons. These people are the ancestors of the English. They called their speech English and their country – England, that is “the Land of Angles”. Anglo-Saxons founded 10 separate kingdoms, the most powerful of which were Wessex, Sussex, Essex, Kent, East Anglia, Mercia and Northumbria.
The Conquest of Britain by Germanic tribes is regarded as the beginning of the medieval history of the country. The strength of Anglo – Saxons culture is obvious even today. Days of the week, for example, are named after Germanic gods: Sunday got the name of a goddess Sunna; Monday – of a god Mani (Moon); Tuesday was named after the war god Tiw; Wednesday got the name of Germanic god Wodan or Odinn; Thursday was named after the god Thor; Friday - after the goddess Frige . Saturday was the only day of the week of Roman origin, named after the Roman god Saturn. Traces of the Anglo – Saxon Conquest in the English language
The sights of York, Vikings’ capital
The Norman Conquest of Britain The Norman Conquest was the fifth and the last invasion of Britain. In the 11-th century the Normans (норманны) came to England from Normandy (northern part of France). They were Norsemen who had already settled in this part of France. This means that the Normans adopted the French language, French manners, customs and way of life, because they lived among French people. On October, 14-th, 1066 King William (Duke of Normandy) defeated the army of the English King Harold in the Battle of Hastings . The Normans made many poor English people their serfs. Besides they burnt their houses and killed them. When William, Duke of Normandy, was crowned, he became the King of England. He settled in London and was called William the Conqueror. For 500 years the Normans were masters in Britain. At first the King and the nobles spoke French, and the ordinary people went on speaking Anglo – Saxon. But little by little the two languages mixed. The result was English. The grammar was mostly Anglo- Saxon, and a lot of words were French.
Changes connected with the Normans A great number of important changes is connected with the Normans: they brought with them Latin and French civilizations, the laws and the organization of land. Many Latin and French words penetrated into the Old English language. Commerce and trade grew very quickly, but the population grew even faster. London became a busy, rich and crowded city. The Normans did their best to make it look beautiful. At that time the Tower of London was built on the Thames and it stands there still unchanged. Westminster Abbey was finished, and William was the first King to be crowned there. Since then all English kings were crowned in Westminster Abbey.
The Legend about Robin Hood One of the legendary heroes of those times was Robin Hood. He was a strong, tall, handsome man. The legend says that once the Normans came to his house : Robin’s father was killed in a fight, and the house was burnt down. Robin managed to save his life because he ran away into the forest of Sherwood. Many Saxons joined Robin Hood and made him their leader. Robin and his men were called the Merry Men by the poor people. And Robin got the nickname “ Robin of Sherwood Forest” or ”Robin Hood” because he and his men wore green hoods. Robin Hood was a great rebel who fought for people and freedom of his land.
The total number of languages in the world nowadays is over 6 000. But the most popular of them is English. More than 750 million people on the globe speak English, and over 1 billion learn it. It is spoken as the mother tongue in Great Britain, the USA, Canada, Australia and New Zealand. It is also used as the second language in many countries of the world. It is the language of the Internet, mass media, air-traffic control, air space travel, international politics and business, science and technology, international sports competitions, pop music and advertising. English has gained its present status of a global language because of the current economic and political power of English – speaking countries. Status of the English language in today’s world
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Презентация "Some historical facts about Great Britain and development of the English language" предназначена для учащихся старшей ступени обучения и может быть использована на уроках английского языка в 9-11 классах и во внеклассной работе. Она содержит информацию о возникновении и развитии английского языка. Слайды презентации дают возможность познакомить учащихся с историческими событиями, происходившими на территории Британских островов с древнейших времен до наших дней, и помогают проследить влияние всех завоеваний на формирование британской нации и развитие английского языка.
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