Краткое содержание the printed word
Обновлено: 05.07.2024
Топик Печатное слово рассказывает о появлении письменности. Вы узнаете о ранних книгах Древней Греции и Рима, Ассирии и Вавилона и о рукописных книгах Средневековья. Как известно, первая бумага была изобретена в Китае, как и книгопечатание и первым, точно датированным, печатным текстом является китайская копия буддийской Алмазной сутры, изданная в 868 году. В Европе массовое производство печатной бумажной продукции началось, примерно, с 1425 года. Первый печатный пресс в Англии был создан в 1476 году Уильямом Кэкстоном в Вестминстере, а первый печатный станок в России - Иваном Федоровым в Москве, в 1564 году. В 19-ом веке появилась система публичных библиотек. Сейчас большинство стран имеют свои национальные библиотеки, как и многие известные университеты мира. Назначение библиотек - помочь людям получить информацию как можно быстрее, поэтому сейчас повсеместно используются компьютеры и электронные каталоги книг.
In Greece and Rome the earliest books were written on tablets of wood or pieces of bark covered with wax, and writing was possible upon them with a small stick called "stylus". In Assyria and Babylonia clay tablets were used for writing and the words were drawn with a piece of wood. After baking, the tablets were kept on shelves. They were long-lasting and some of them survived until the present day.
The earliest books of the ancient world were written on papyrus and skins of young animals. These books took the form of a long strip, roiled from one cylinder to another. Though paper has been known in China since the first century, the secret of papermaking came to Europe much later.
Books were popular in ancient Rome: there were many booksellers and the first public library was founded there about 39 B.C.1 Only the rich could buy books or make their slaves copy books from important libraries.
By the time, of the Middle Ages all books were handwritten, beautifully decorated, but they were often chained to the shelves. But only few people could read them.
First printing was invented in China and by the end of the 15th century there were more than 200 presses in Europe. The early printers were not only craftsmen but also editors, publishers and booksellers. The first printing, press in England was set up by William Caxton at Westminster in 1476 and the first printing press in Russia — by Ivan Fedorov in Moscow in 1564.
Early libraries were used only by scientists but later they were used by the public. In the 19th century a proper system of public libraries appeared. Now most countries have their own national libraries. Many old university libraries have rich collections of books: Oxford and Cambridge in England, Harvard and Yale in the United States. Among the great libraries of the world we can name the British Museum Library (the British Library) in London, the Library of Congress in the United States, it's the world's largest Library, Bibliotheque Nationale in France, the Beijing Library in China, the State Public Library in Moscow.
Modern libraries do their best to help people get information as quickly as possible. They use computers and electronic catalogues. Probably the most difficult problem for any library is to keep their books, journals and films.
Read the text once very attentively and complete the sentences after it with the appropriate variants.
The earliest books were written on tablets of wood or pieces of bark. In Greece and Rome the tablets of wood were covered with wax, and writing was impressed upon them with a small stick called "stylus". These tablets were held together on one side with thin strips of leather or metal rings. In Assyria and Babylonia clay tablets were used for writing, and the words were drawn with a piece of wood. After baking the tablets were kept on shelves just like books are kept today. Although the clay tablets didn't look very beautiful, they were long-lasting and some of them survived until the present day. The earliest books of the ancient world were written on papyrus and skins of young animals. These books took the form of a long strip rolled from one cylinder to another. These writings were known to the Romans as uolumen from which comes the word volume. Though paper has been known in China since the first century, the secret of papermaking came to Europe much later.
Books were quite common in ancient Rome: we know that there were many booksellers and the first public library was founded there about 39 B.C. Only the rich could buy books or make their slaves copy books from important libraries. By the time of the Middle Ages all books were handwritten and often beautifully decorated. Libraries used to chain books to the shelves so that they could not be removed from the building. But very few people could read them. The invention of printing was a really great event in history. The first people to invent printing were the Chinese. In Europe there were several people who can be called inventors of printing. The best-known is Johann Gutenberg from Germany.
Printing spread quickly over Europe and by the end of the 15th century there were more than 200 presses. The early printers were not only craftsmen, but also editors, publishers and booksellers. The first printing press in England was set up by William Caxton at Westminster in 1476, and the first printing press in Russia - by Ivan Fedorov in Moscow in 1564. Printed books soon reached a very high standard and the craftsmen were rightfully proud of their work. Eventually there were more and more people in Europe who could read and they wanted more and more books. That led to opening more libraries.
Early libraries were used only by scientists and were few. By and by they grew in number and began to be used by the public. The 19th century saw the appearance of a proper system of public libraries. Now most countries have their own national libraries. Many old university libraries have rich collections of books: Oxford and Cambridge in England, Harvard and Yale Lierl in the United States. Among the great libraries of the world we can name the British Museum Library (the British Library) in London, the Library of Congress in the United States, the Beijing Library in China, the State Public Library in Moscow, Bibliotheque Nationale in France. The world's largest is the US Library of Congress. It holds about 90 million items - books and manuscripts. The library was founded in 1800 in Washington, DC for the use of Congress and later became a public library. Bibliotheque Nationale dates back to the 17th century and he British Museum Library was set in the 18th century. The State Public Library in Moscow was founded in 1862 and has unique collections of books.
Modern libraries do their best to help people get information as quickly as possible. They use computers and electronic catalogues. Probably the most difficult problem for any library is to keep their books, journals and films. How they do it is a new story.
1. In ancient Rome people used to sell books
a) people used to sell books
b) rich people founded public libraries
c) a lot of people were able to read books in the libraries
d) slaves were not allowed to touch books
2. The US Library of Congress is as big as the British Museum Library
a) has only printed editions
b) is as big as the British Museum Library
c) is the oldest of all famous public libraries
d) is used not only by American congressmen
Книги были довольно распространены в Древнем Риме: мы знаем, что было много продавцов книг, и первая публичная библиотека была основана там около 39 г. до нашей эры. Только богатые люди могли покупать книги или заставлять своих рабов копировать книги из важных библиотек. Ко времени средневековья все книги были написаны от руки и часто красиво украшены. Библиотеки приковывали книги к полкам, чтобы их нельзя было убрать из здания. Но мало кто мог прочитать их. Изобретение печати было действительно великим событием в истории. Первыми, кто изобрел печать, были китайцы. В Европе было несколько человек, которых можно назвать изобретателями печати. Самый известный - Иоганн Гутенберг из Германии.
Печать быстро распространилась по Европе, и к концу 15-го века было более 200 печатных машин. Первые печатники были не только мастерами, но и редакторами, издателями и продавцами книг. Первая печатная машина в Англии была создана Уильямом Кэкстоном в Вестминстере в 1476 году, а первая печатная машина в России - Иваном Федоровым в Москве в 1564 году. Печатные книги вскоре достигли очень высоких стандартов, и мастера по праву гордились своей работой. В конце концов, в Европе появлялось все больше и больше людей, которые могли читать, и они хотели все больше и больше книг. Это привело к открытию большего количества библиотек.
Ранние библиотеки использовались только учеными и были немногочисленными. Постепенно их стало больше и они стали использоваться обществом. В 19 веке появилась надлежащая система общественных библиотек. Сейчас в большинстве стран есть свои национальные библиотеки. Многие старые университетские библиотеки имеют богатые коллекции книг: Оксфорд и Кембридж в Англии, Гарвард и Йельский университет в Соединенных Штатах. Среди великих мировых библиотек можно назвать Британскую музейную библиотеку в Лондоне, Библиотеку Конгресса США, Пекинскую библиотеку в Китае, Государственную публичную библиотеку в Москве, Национальную библиотеку во Франции. Самой большой в мире является Библиотека Конгресса США. В нем хранится около 90 миллионов предметов - книги и рукописи. Библиотека была основана в 1800 году в Вашингтоне, округ Колумбия, для использования Конгрессом, а затем стала публичной библиотекой. Национальная библиотека датируется 17 веком, а Британская музейная библиотека была основана в 18 веке. Государственная публичная библиотека в Москве была основана в 1862 году и имеет уникальные коллекции книг.
Современные библиотеки делают все возможное, чтобы помочь людям получить информацию как можно быстрее. Они пользуются компьютерами и электронными технологиями. Наверное, самая трудная задача для любой библиотеки-сохранить свои книги, журналы и фильмы. Как они это делают-это новая история.
1. В древнем Риме люди продавали книги
а) люди продавали книги
б) богатые люди основали публичные библиотеки
в) многие люди могли читать книги в библиотеках
г) рабам не разрешали трогать книги
2. Библиотека Конгресса США такая же большая, как Библиотека Британского музея.
а) имеет только печатные издания
б) такая же большая, как Библиотека Британского музея
в) является старейшей из всех известных публичных библиотек
г) используется не только американскими конгрессменами
The earliest books were written on tablets of wood or pieces of bark. In Greece and Rome people used a small stick called "stylus" to write on tablets of wood covered with wax. In Assyria and Babylonia clay tablets were used for writing. The earliest books of the ancient world were also written on papyrus and skins of young animals. Though paper has been known in China since the first century, the secret of papermaking came to Europe much later.
The first public library was founded in ancient Rome about 39 B.C. By the time of the Middle Ages all books were handwritten and often beautifully decorated. The first people to invent printing were the Chinese. In Europe there were several people who can be called inventors of printing. The best-known is Johann Gutenberg from Germany.
The first printing press in England was set up by William Caxton at Westminster in 1476, and the first printing press in Russia - by Ivan Fedorov in Moscow in 1564.
The 19th century saw the appearance of a proper system of public libraries. Now most countries have their own national libraries. Many old university libraries have rich collections of books. The great libraries of the world are the British Museum Library in London, the Library of Congress in the United States, the Beijing Library in China, the State Public Library in Moscow, Bibliotheque Nationale in France. The world's largest is the US Library of Congress.
Modern libraries do their best to help people get information as quickly as possible using computers and electronic catalogues.
Вопрос по английскому языку:
Краткое содержание текста The Printed Word.
Трудности с пониманием предмета? Готовишься к экзаменам, ОГЭ или ЕГЭ?
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- 04.04.2015 15:46
- Английский язык
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Ответы и объяснения 1
The earliest books were written on tablets of wood or pieces
of bark. In Greeceand Rome, the tablets of wood were covered with wax,
and writing was impressed upon them with a small stick called “stylus”.
These tablets were held together on one side with thin strips of leather
or metal rings. In Assyria and Babyloniaclay tablets were used for
writing and the words were drawn with a piece of wood. After baking, the
tablets were kept on shelves, just like books are kept today. Although
the clay tablets didn’t look very beautiful, they were long-lasting and
some of them survived until the present day. The earliest books of the
ancient world were written on papyrus and skins of young animals. These
books took the form of a long strip, rolled from one cylinder to
another. These writings were known to the Romans as volumen
from which comes the word volume. Though paper has been known inChina
since the first century, the secret of papermaking came toEurope much
later.
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