The origin of the british system of units сочинение
Обновлено: 18.05.2024
The United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland is a constitutional monarchy. It means that the sovereign reigns but does not rule.
Britain does not have a written constitution, but a set of laws.
Parliament is the most important authority in Britain. Technically Parliament is made up of three parts: the Monarch, the House of Lords; and the House of Commons. In reality the House of Commons is the only one of the three which has true power.
The monarch serves formally as head of state. But the monarch is expected to be politically neutral and should not make political decisions.
The present sovereign is Queen Elizabeth II. She was crowned in Westminster Abbey in 1953.
The House of Commons consists of Members of Parliament. There are 650 of them in the House of Commons. They are elected by secret ballot. General elections are held every five years. The country is divided into 650 constituencies. All citizens, aged 18 and registered in a constituency, have the right to vote. But voting is not compulsory in Britain. Only persons convicted of corrupt and certain mentally ill patients don't take part in voting.
Each political party puts up one candidate for each constituency. The one who wins the most votes is elected MP for that area.
The party which wins the most seats in Parliament forms the Government. Its leader becomes the Prime Minister. His first job is to choose his Cabinet. The Prime Minister usually takes policy decisions with the agreement of the Cabinet.
The functions of the House of Commons are legislation and scrutiny of government activities. The House of Commons is presided over by the Speaker. The Speaker is appointed by the Government.
The House of Lords comprises about 1,200 peers. It is presided by the Lord Chancellor. The House of Lords has no real power. It acts rather as an advisory council.
It's in the House of Commons that new bills are introduced and debated. If the majority of the members are in favour of a bill, it goes to the House of Lords to be debated. The House of Lords has the right to reject a new bill twice.
But after two rejections they are obliged to accept it. And finally a bill goes to the monarch to be signed. Only then it becomes law.
Parliament is responsible for British national policy. Local governments are responsible for organizing of education, police and many others.
Политическая система Великобритании ( 2 )
Объединенное Королевство Великобритании и Северной Ирландии является конституционной монархией. Это значит, что монарх является главой государства, но не управляет им.
В Британии нет написанной конституции, но есть свод законов.
Парламент — главный государственный орган Британии. Он состоит из трех частей: Монарх, Палата Лордов и Палата Общин. Палата Общин — фактически единственный государственный орган, обладающий реальной властью.
Монарх формально является главой государства. Монарх должен быть политически нейтрален и не должен принимать политических решений.
В настоящее время королева Елизавета II. Она была коронована в Вестминстерском аббатстве в 1953 г.
Палата Общин состоит из парламентариев. Их 650. Они избираются тайным голосованием. Всеобщие выборы проходят каждые пять лет. Страна делится на 650 избирательных округов. Все граждане, достигшие возраста 18 лет, регистрируются в избирательном округе и имеют избирательные права. Но голосование в Британии не обязательно. Преступники и душевно больные не принимают участия в голосований.
Благодаря британской избирательной системе в Британии существует мало политических партий. Основные это консервативная партия, лейбористская партия и либерально-социал-демократический альянс.
Каждая политическая партия выдвигает одного кандидата от каждого избирательного округа. Тот, кто наберет большинство голосов, становится членом парламента от этого округа.
Партия, которая получает большинство мест в парламенте, формирует правительство. Его лидер становится премьер-министром. Его главная задача — сформировать Кабинет министров. Премьер-министр обычно принимает политические решения с согласия Кабинета.
Функции Палаты Общин — законотворчество и проверка деятельности правительства. Палату Общин возглавляет Спикер. Спикера назначает правительство.
В Палате Лордов около 1200 пэров. Председательствует Лорд-канцлер. У палаты Лордов нет фактической власти. Она служит скорее консультативным советом.
Именно в Палате Общин представляются и обсуждаются новые законопроекты. Если большинство членов палаты за принятие законопроекта, его направляют в Палату Лордов на обсуждение. Палата Лордов имеет право дважды отклонить новый законопроект.
Но после двух отклонений она обязана принять его. Для окончательного подтверждения законопроект направляют монарху, который подписывает его. Только после этого законопроект становится законом.
Парламент отвечает за британскую национальную политику. Муниципальные правительства отвечают за организацию образования, полиции и других.
1. The British system of units, the metric system of units and the nternational system of units (SI) are .
2. Everyone who knows arithmetic can .
3. Before the introduction of the metric system .
4. The conversion to higher quantity in a metric system is done .
5. In 1791 the French Academy of Science decided .
6. The two French scientists took this distance .
7. Metre was also used to measure .
8. The main advantage of the metric system is .
9. The unit of mass was defined .
10. The SI system is derived .
Вот текст:
Physics measures such physical quantities as time, length, mass, density, velocity, area, volume, temperature and energy. Different units of length and mass exist. Nearly all of them are interrelated. Nowadays, three main systems of measurement are widely used: the British system of unity, the metric system of units and the International system of units (SI).
With a few exceptions, all the nations of the world use the metric system. It is so easy that anyone who knows arithmetic can learn it quickly. Before the introduction of the metric system (metre-kilogram-second), the British foot- pound- second system was widely used. But the latter system (which is still in use in Great Britain and the USA) was very complicated and caused serious difficulties in the intemationa1 trade. For example, in the British system 1 mile is equal to 1760 yards, 1 yard - to feet and 1 foot- to 12 inches. This means that it's very difficult to convert units. But in the metric system each unit is а multiple of the following lower unit by ten. Therefore, the conversion to a higher quantity is done by moving the decimal point to the right to the required number of p1aces, and vice versa.
The idea of decimal system was realised only at the end of the 18th century. In 1791, the French Academy of Science decided that the standard of length should be one ten-rnillionth part of the distance from the Equator to the North Pole. The two French scientists charged with the task took this distance on a line running through Paris and divided it into 10 000 000 equal parts. They called one of the parts a metre ('measure'), which became the main unit. Metre was also used to measure area and volume. Thus а square metre and a cublc metre appeared.
The main advantage of the system is that for shorter measurements the metre is divided by ten, so a decima1 system was used. Shorter units had Latin preftxes and longer ones - Greek preftxes. So, 'millimetre' is Latin for 'a thousandth part of a metre' and 'kilometre' is Greek for 'a thousand metres'
As for the unit of mass, it was defined as the mass of a cublc centimeter of water at the temperature of 4 ·с (the temperature of its maximum density). As we know, the name of this unit is gramm.
The SI units is derived from the metric system and was internationally accepted in 1960. Besides metre (m), kilogram (kg) and second (s), its basic units are Kelwin (К), ampere (а), mole (mol), and candle (cd). This system was introduced in our country in the 1960s and every day we measure things by the units from this system.
The metric system
Physics measures such physical quantities as time, length, mass, density, velocity, area, volume, temperature and energy. Different units of length and mass exist. Nearly all of them are interrelated. Nowadays, three main systems of measurement are widely used: the British system of unity, the metric system of units and the International system of units (SI).
With а few exceptions, all the nations of the world use the metric system. It is so easy that anyone who knows arithmetic can learn it quickly. Before the introduction of the metric system (metre-kilogram-second), the British foot- pound-second system was widely used. But the latter system (which is still in use in Great Britain and the USA) was very complicated and caused serious difficulties in the international trade. For example, in the British system 1 mile is equal to 1760 yards, 1 yard - to feet and 1 foot- to 12 inches. This means that it's very difficult to convert units. But in the metric system each unit is а multiple of the following lower unit bу ten. Therefore, the conversion to а higher quantity is done bу moving the decimal point to the right to the required number of places, and vice versa.
The idea of decimal system was realized only at the end of the 18th century. In 1791, the French Academy of Science decided that the standard of length should bе one ten-millionth part of the distance from the Equator to the North Pole. The two French scientists charged with the task took this distance on а line running through Paris and divided it into 10 000 000 equal parts. They called one of the parts а metre ('measure'), which became the main unit. Metre was also used to measure area and volume. Thus а square metre and а cubic metre appeared.
The main advantage of the system is that for shorter measurements the metre is divided bу ten, so а decimal system was used. Shorter units had Latin prefixes and longer ones - Greek prefixes. So, 'millimetre' is Latin for 'а thousandth part of а metre' and 'kilometre' is Greek for 'а thousand metres'.
As for the unit of mass, it was defined as the mass of а cubic centimetre of water at the temperature of 4 degrees (the temperature of its maximum density). As we know, the name of this unit is gramme.
The SI units is derived from the metric system and was internationally accepted in 1960. Besides metre (m), kilogram (kg) and second (s), its basic units are Kelwin (К), ampere (а), mole (mol), and candle (cd). This system was introduced in our country in the 1960s and every day we measure things bу the units from this system.
Вопросы: Answer the following questions to the text.
1. What quantities does physics measure? Аrе most of them
interrelated?
2. How many systems of measurement are widely used nowadays?
3. All the nations of the world use the metric system, don't they?
4. What was used before the metric system? Did the earlier system
have any drawbacks?
5. When was the idea of decimal system realized?
6. What is the main unit of the metric system? How was it measured?
7. Were the units of area and volume defined as well?
8. Do shorter units have Greek or Latin prefixes?
9. What is а unit of mass?
10. Is there а difference between the metric system and the SI system?
11. When was the SI system introduced in the USSR?
12. What synonyms to the phrase 'metric system' can you find in the text?
1)Physics measures such physical quantities as time, length, mass, density, velocity, area, volume, temperature and energy. Nearly all of them are interrelated.
2)Nowadays, three main systems of measurement are widely used: the British system of unity, the metric system of units and the International system of units.
3)With а few exceptions, all the nations of the world use the metric system.
4)Before the introduction of the metric system, the British foot- pound-second system was widely used. But the latter system was very complicated and caused serious difficulties in the international trade.
5)The idea of decimal system was realized only at the end of the 18th century.
6)The two French scientists charged with the task took this distance on а line running through Paris and divided it into 10 000 000 equal parts. They called one of the parts а metre, which became the main unit.
7)Metre was also used to measure area and volume.
8)Yes, prefixes are used in the measurement system. Shorter units had Latin prefixes and longer ones - Greek prefixes.
9)It was defined as the mass of а cubic centimetre of water at the temperature of 4 degrees
10)There is a difference between the metric system and the si system. In addition to the meter( m), kilogram (kg), and second (s), the main SI units are Kelvin (K), ampere (a), mol (mol), and candle (cd).
Read the text and complete the sentences after it with a, b or c.
Food in Britain
Britain is a fairly small country and it is also an island between the North Sea and the Atlantic Ocean. People of the country live near the sea and for them fish is a very important kind of food. We can say that fish is a traditional English food. But the types of food people eat change. And at the beginning of the 21 st century many more types of food are different from the British food of the 20 th century. It is not difficult to explain why.
People come to Britain from different parts of the world, they bring their favourite food with them and often open restaurants. British people, on the other hand, travel to many countries of the world and bring new foods back home. And today big supermarket companies can buy food from all over the world and have it in their shops.
In Britain you can find traditional food like roast beef or fish and chips, but you can also have Italian, Mexican and West Indian food. People can buy foods from different parts of Britain and vegetarian food for those who do not eat meat. As you see you can have different foods in the United Kingdom.
1 . Nowadays people in Britain _ .
a) have no traditional food
b) eat traditional British food and other foods too
c) do not like to eat traditional food
2 . _ explain why the types of food people eat in Britain are changing.
a) It is easy to
b) You can’t
c) It is not easy to
3 . In the 21 st century you _ in big supermarkets.
a) can’ t buy traditional food
b) can buy fish and chips
c) can buy food from different countries
Решение
Перевод задания
Прочитайте текст и дополните предложения после него буквами a, b или c.
Еда в Британии
Британия − довольно маленькая страна, а также остров между Северным морем и Атлантическим океаном. Люди страны живут недалеко от моря, и для них рыба является очень важным видом пищи. Можно сказать, что рыба − это традиционная английская еда. Но виды пищи, которые люди едят, меняются. И в начале 21 −го века многие другие виды пищи отличаются от британской кухни 20 −го века. Нетрудно объяснить почему.
Люди приезжают в Британию из разных уголков мира, приносят с собой свою любимую еду и часто открывают рестораны. Британцы, с другой стороны, путешествуют по многим странам мира и приносят домой новые продукты. И сегодня крупные супермаркеты могут покупать продукты со всего мира и иметь их в своих магазинах.
В Британии вы можете найти традиционные блюда, такие как ростбиф или рыба с жареным картофелем, а также итальянскую, мексиканскую и западно−индийскую кухню. Люди могут покупать продукты из разных частей Британии и вегетарианские продукты для тех, кто не ест мясо. Как видите, в Соединенном Королевстве можно есть разные продукты.
1 . В настоящее время люди в Британии _.
а) не имеют традиционной еды
b) едят традиционную британскую еду и другие продукты тоже
c) не любят есть традиционную еду
2 . _ объяснить, почему типы пищи, которую едят люди в Британии, меняются.
а) Легко
b) Вы не можете
c) Это не легко
3 . В 21 веке вы _ в крупных супермаркетах.
а) не можете купить традиционную еду
b) можете купить рыбу и чипсы
c) можете купить еду из разных стран
ОТВЕТ
1 – b,
2 – a,
3 – c.
1 . Nowadays people in Britain eat traditional British food and other foods too.
2 . It is easy to explain why the types of food people eat in Britain are changing.
3 . In the 21 st century you can buy food from different countries in big supermarkets.
Перевод ответа
1 – b,
2 – a,
3 – c.
1 . В настоящее время люди в Британии едят традиционную британскую еду и другие продукты тоже.
2 . Легко объяснить, почему типы пищи, которую едят люди в Британии, меняются.
3 . В 21 веке вы можете купить еду из разных стран в крупных супермаркетах.
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