Space industrialization and its importance for mankind сочинение
Обновлено: 05.07.2024
Файл "ИНОСТРАННЫЙ ЯЗЫК В ТЕХНИЧЕСКОМ УНИВЕРСИТЕТЕ" внутри архива находится в папке "Учебник по английскому в формате ворд". Документ из архива "И. В. Орловская, Л. С. Самсонова, А. И. Скубриева - Учебник английского языка", который расположен в категории " ". Всё это находится в предмете "английский язык" из раздела "", которые можно найти в файловом архиве МГТУ им. Н.Э.Баумана. Не смотря на прямую связь этого архива с МГТУ им. Н.Э.Баумана, его также можно найти и в других разделах. Архив можно найти в разделе "книги и методические указания", в предмете "английский язык" в общих файлах.
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3. They may include
In space there is no gravitational convection
Convection makes the production of some materials
But in zero-gravity conditions it is possible
It should be said that research and preparatory work
i.e. movement of gases or liquids because of difference of temperatures.
to grow large crystals and to study their structure.
super and semiconductors, metals, glasses, superpure biologically active substances, etc.
the industrial production of various materials is to begin in space.
the Russian manned and unmanned space vehicles and space stations proved the advantages of the zero-gravity state for the production of some materials.
Exercise 3. Read and learn.
Tom: Are you going to attend the seminar tonight?
Bill: I should go. Unfortunately, I won't be able to do so.
Т.: Why should you go there?
В.: The speaker will talk about composite ceramics. I must know all about this subject. As you know, I'll do some experimental work in this field next June. So I'll have to know about it.
Т.: In that case, you ought to cancel (отменить) your other plans and attend the seminar. You shouldn't miss (пропускать) it.
В.: You are right. But I can't go.
В.: Don't you remember (помнить)? We are to take an exam in French tomorrow. I have to study for the examination.
T. Do you have to study? Is it a necessity?
Т.: I don't have to study. I studied last night and I am sure I can pass it. Besides that, I must attend the seminar.
В.: Why must you attend it?
Т.: Have you forgotten? I must introduce the speaker to the audience.
В.: Yes, that's right.
Т.: Well, I have to go now. I may be late. I'll see you later.
Exercise 4. Speak about:
Space industrialization and its importance for mankind.
The latest achievements in industrial materials production in space.
Use exercises 1, 2 and the following words and word combinations for your topic : carry out experiments; obtain useful and valuable data; on board a space vehicle; zero-gravity condition; zero-gravity state advantages, materials of better quality; at a larger scale; in case; according to.
Exercise 5. Read and smile.
A Trick on a President
W.H. Harrison was the ninth President of the United States. Like so many other early American presidents he was born in a small town. As a boy, he was extremely quiet. In fact, he was so quiet that he had the reputation of being very stupid (глупый). The town people therefore often used to play tricks (шутка) on him. For example, they would put a nickel and a dime (монеты в 5 и 10 центов) in front of him and tell him to take whichever one he wanted. He would always choose the nickel and they would laugh at him.
Text 6B
Прочитайте текст и расскажите о новом способе повышения пластичности и износостойкости режущего инструмента из композиционной керамики.
Composite Ceramics
Advanced ceramic materials have such interesting properties that mechanical engineers are becoming more and more interested in their use as structural parts (конструкционные детали).
Ceramic cutting tools have been in use for some time. However, it is only during the last twenty years that there has been rapid development in this field because of the development of new composite ceramics.
Composite materials are materials in which two or more different substances, such as metals, ceramics, glasses, or polymers are combined without chemical reaction. As a result one can produce a material with properties different from those of any of the individual constituents. The constituents of a composite would retain their individual characteristics.
Recently engineers have developed various kinds of composite ceramics which must combine an increased toughness (пластичность) with the same hardness and strength of usual ceramics. A promising recent development is the addition of a tiny quantity of metal to increase toughness and tool life. Thus, at room and high temperatures (1000 °C) the composite ceramics for cutting tools should possess the following properties: high strength, high toughness, high hardness, high thermal shock resistance and high chemical inertness.
Прочитайте текст, выделите интересные для вас факты и перескажите.
Ancient Steel-Making Secret
Analyses of a new steel revealed properties almost identical to those they found in Damascus steel, although their own plastic steel had been produced by present-day methods.
The remarkable characteristics of Damascus steel became known to Europe when the Crusaders reached the Middle East in the 11th century. They discovered that swords (меч) of the metal could split (рассечь) a feather (перо) in air and at the same time retain their edge sharp through many battles.
The secrets of Damascus steel were known in many parts of the ancient world, especially in Persia, where some of the finest specimens were produced. For eight centuries the Arab sword makers kept the secret about their techniques and methods. And with the invention of firearms (огнестрельное оружие), the secret was lost and it was never fully rediscovered.
The two metallurgists carried out a lot of researches. When they realized that they might be close to the discovery of a new material, a sword fancier (знаток), at one of their demonstrations, pointed out that Damascus steel, like their own product, was very rich in carbon. This led them to conduct a comparative analysis of their steel and those of the ancient weapons. As a result, it was found that a basic requirement was a high carbon content. The two metallurgists believed it had to be from 1 per cent to 2 per cent, compared to only a part of 1 per cent in ordinary steel. Their research showed how to make steel of even greater hardness than Damascus steel.
Прочитайте текст. Расскажите по-английски, чем примечателен читальный зал Библиотеки Британского музея и какие отделы имеются в Британском музее.
The British Museum
The British Museum consisting of the National Museum of Archeology and Ethnography and the National Library is the largest and richest of its kind in the world. Built in the middle of the last century it is situated in central London which consists of quiet squares and streets.
The British Museum was founded by Act of Parliament in 1753 to bring together the collection of Sir Robert Cotton, some others and future addition to them.
Anthony Panizzi designed the famous circular Reading Room at the British Museum. The first thing that strikes a visitor on entering the Reading Room is its unusual shape. It is a perfect circle. The superintendent (управляющий) and his assistant sit in the centre of the room and they issue (выдавать) and collect books. Long rows of reading desks radiate to the outer walls, like the spokes (спицы) of the wheel.
Many famous people have used the Reading Room at the British Museum. Of the many distinguished people who have used the Reading Room no one was perhaps more regular and more intent (целеустремленный) than the German philosopher and socialist Karl Marx. Soon after he arrived in England in 1849, Marx became a daily visitor of the Reading Room, where he used to remain from nine in the morning till closing time.
The British Museum has a department of ethnography. Ethnography is concerned with primitive people and their cultures in various stages of development as revealed by their tools, ritual objects and various crafts (ремесло). This collection is so vast that only a
tiny percentage is on show to the general public. Then there is a department of prints and drawings. There are also departments devoted to maps, coins and medals. Visitors interested in chronology can see a large collection of clocks and watches. Those who are interested in philately can find a magnificent collection of postage stamps.
Упражнение 1. А. Прочитайте следующие выражения из текста 6А и постарайтесь догадаться о значении выделенных слов и словосочетаний.
in the not so distant future
with peculiar magnetic properties
prolonged weightlessness
The Archimedes principal is no longer valid
the theoretical basis for space industry
on board these vehicles; on board orbital station
preparatory work for industrial production in space
replace the specimens
В. Подберите к каждому выделенному в А слову соответствующее ему по значению.
a. well based, correct, effective
b. needed for preparing; introductory
с continuing for a long time
f. not so far away in time
g. special, particular
h. piece of paper, metal or other material used to describe what smth. is, where it is to go, etc. i. one as an example of a class
Упражнение 2. А. Прочитайте текст и постарайтесь догадаться о значении терминов shape memory alloy, suggest, remember, piston, contract, expand, engine.
Shape memory alloys (SMA) are in general usage today. What exactly is a SMA? As the name suggests, this alloy can remember its original shape or form. Essentially it is a metal which can be deformed when cold and will return to its first shape when hot.
The particular alloy we are speaking about is nickel titanium. We can see here one application in a conventional piston. When
the piston is cold, the SMA coil or spring contracts and so the piston does not move. Heat causes it to expand and consequently the piston moves up. The advantage is that the device can work without any mechanical power, just from the heat which is supplied by the engine itself.
В. Найдите в приведенном выше тексте 5 пар синонимов и 3 пары антонимов.
Упражнение 3. Замените выделенные словосочетания соответствующими глаголами expand, remember, contract, suggest, deform.
The name SMA causes us to think that such an alloy can keep in memory its original shape. In other words it can change its shape. When cold it gets smaller. When hot it gets bigger.
Упражнение 4. Составьте возможные словосочетания из глаголов в колонке А и существительных из колонки В, переведите их и запомните.
Space exploration was the greatest achievement of the 20th century
Science is a very interesting thing and everyday is a new possibility for another invention. Many years ago people started to write books, later on they invented a wheel and after that a bicycle. There were scientists who did many discoveries in physics, mathematics, chemistry. But I think the most important exploration of 20th century is space exploration.
We have discovered many things already. People try to look for new medicine, build new robots and so on. When space was discovered people started to pay a lot of attention there. We have found out many interesting facts about the moon and other planets. We can also see asteroids and predict the weather. I have also heard that nowadays people can buy a piece of territory on the moon. I would like to go to the space and to see how beautiful our planet is. There are many things have been discovered but I am sure there are much more to discover.
Still people can say that space is something not so much important. Nuclear engineering, medicine, robotic technology are much more important today. But personally I think, that everyone will choose whatever is closer to them. I like astronomy that’s why space discovers are so interesting to me. Some people admire art. But they don’t know that many artists were inspired by sky, stars and space.
So in general I think that all the researches of space are important. Who knows maybe in future we will be able to travel there without any problems. Maybe people can live out of our planet or even meet new life there. I think we have to invest more in this research because our future is unpredictable. And I am sure new explorations are yet to come.
Исследование космоса стало величайшим достижением 20-го века
Наука - интересная вещь и каждый день - это очередная возможность для новых открытий и исследований. Много лет назад люди начали писать книги, потом изобрели колесо, затем велосипед. Было много ученых, которые совершили открытия в физике, математике, химии. Но я считаю, что самым важным достижением 20 века стало исследование космоса.
Мы уже открыли много всего интересного. Люди пытаются найти новую медицину, изобрести роботов и так далее.
И все-таки люди утверждают, что космос - это нечто не столь важное. Ядерная инженерия, медицина, робототехника - все это куда важнее космоса сегодня. Но лично я считаю, что каждый выбирает именно то, что ближе ему. Я люблю астрономию, поэтому исследования космоса привлекают меня больше. Некоторые люди восхищаются искусством. Но они и не подозревают, что большинство художников вдохновились написать свои картины, глядя на небо, звёзды и космос.
В общем, я думаю, что все исследования космоса очень важны. Кто знает, возможно, в будущем мы сможем путешествовать в космос без каких-либо трудностей. Может, люди смогут жить вне нашей планеты и встретить там новую жизнь. Я считаю, что необходимо инвестировать больше именно в исследования космоса, ведь будущее непредсказуемо. И уверена, новые открытия ещё грядут.
Ваше эссе по английскому языку должно осветить все аспекты, изложенные в задании, а также должно быть написано в соответствующем стиле (нейтральном). Оно должно логично делиться на абзацы и соответствовать предложенному в задании плану. Давайте проанализируем, подходит ли представленное эссе этим требованиям.
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Конспект урока "Space exploration (анализ эссе)"
Теорию про эссе на ЕГЭ мы подробно излагали в других видео, а сегодня применим все знания на практике.
Прежде всего, напомним, что Ваше эссе по английскому языку должно осветить ВСЕ аспекты, изложенные в задании, а также должно быть написано в соответствующем стиле (нейтральном). Оно должно логично делиться на абзацы и соответствовать предложенному в задании плану.
Предположим на экзамене перед Вами следующая задача:
Comment on the following statement:
Some people think that we should explore space and visit other planets. Other people say that space exploration is a waste of time and money.
What is your opinion? Do you agree with this statement?
Write 200-250 words.
Use the following plan:
· make an introduction (state the problem)
· express your personal opinion and give 2-3 reasons for your opinion
· express an opposing opinion and give 1-2 reasons for this opposing opinion
· explain why you don't agree with the opposing opinion
· make a conclusion restating your position
Соберите части готового эссе, согласно плану написания сочинения, который представлен в экзаменационном задании.
1. make an introduction (state the problem)
The question of exploring space has been discussed from the very beginning of space exploration. Some people say that it is our future, whereas others are quite skeptical.28
2. express your personal opinion and give 2-3 reasons for your opinion
I think that we should definitely explore space and spend as much money as required. First of all, our planet cannot exist forever. One day it will end and humans will have to move somewhere to continue living. Second, underground resources are finite and they will eventually end. It would be nice to have a possibility to import raw materials from other planets. It is also very interesting to meet other civilizations, if they exist. 75
3. express an opposing opinion and give 1-2 reasons for this opposing opinion
At the same time, there are people who think that exploring space is a big waste of time and money. Every space shot costs us a lot of money. It is better to do something on earth that can be useful here and now.44
4. explain why you don't agree with the opposing opinion
In my opinion, it is not really a good forward-looking policy. It is better to be prepared for possible troubles that can come faster than we think. Global Warming can submerge the entire planet or a comet can hit the earth. I think people should be ready for any possible danger.51
5. make a conclusion restating your position
In conclusion, I would like to say it is difficult to keep doing space exploration when our national economic situation is not that good. Nevertheless, we should keep investing into space exploration because I strongly believe that one day it will bring the desired results. Thus, I support the idea that space exploration is worth doing. 56
Помните, что первым делом делают экзаменаторы? – Верно, считают количество слов в выполненной работе.
Перед Вами готовое эссе на данное задание. Сосчитайте количество слов.
Итого: 254 слова.
Требуемый объём в эссе – 200–250 слов. Допустимо отклонение от заданного объёма на 10 %. То есть можно написать от 180 до 275 слов.
Если в выполненном задании 40 менее 180 слов, то задание проверке не подлежит и оценивается в 0 баллов. При превышении объёма более чем на 10 %, то есть если в задании 40 будет более 275 слов, проверке подлежит та часть работы, которая соответствует требуемому объёму.
С объёмом все в порядке, поэтому можно проверять соответствие написанного теме.
Абзац 1. Вступление
Помним, что там мы должны перефразировать заголовок темы и указать на существование двух противоположных точек зрения на проблему (the most important thing VS not the most necessary thing).
Some people think that we should explore space and visit other planets. Other people say that space exploration is a waste of time and money.
The question of exploring space has been discussed from the very beginning of space exploration. Some people say that it is our future, whereas others are quite skeptical.
Либо возможен такой вариант перифраза:
Some people say that we should investigate space and discover new types of life, whereas others say space travel is too expensive.
Издалека начинать не обязательно, можно сразу “в лоб” – Some people believe ….. However, others state that ….. Если сумеете грамотно перефразировать тему – никто не накажет. С другой стороны, вступление издалека выглядит красиво. Если сможете его хорошо написать – почему бы и нет?
Попробуйте самостоятельно подобрать синонимы к словам explore space, waste of money.
Абзац 2. Собственная точка зрения и 2-3 аргумента в её поддержку.
Мнение по проблеме присутствует (первое предложение абзаца).
I think that we should definitely explore space and spend as much money as required.
Также изложено 3 аргумента с подтверждениями с использованием средств логической связи предложений.
First of all, our planet cannot exist forever. One day it will end and humans will have to move somewhere to continue living. Second, underground resources are finite and they will eventually end. It would be nice to have a possibility to import raw materials from other planets. It is also very interesting to meet other civilizations, if they exist.
Какие еще средства логической связи предложений вы можете назвать?
Третий абзац с противоположной точкой зрения.
At the same time, there are people who think that exploring space is a big waste of time and money.
Далее в этом же абзаце следует 1 аргумент (вообще может быть 2), подтверждающий противоположное мнение.
Every space shot costs us a lot of money. It is better to do something on earth that can be useful here and now.
Абзац 4. Ваши контраргументы
В этом абзаце Вы должны объяснить, почему Вы не согласны с противоположным мнением в третьем абзаце.
In my opinion, it is not really a good forward-looking policy. It is better to be prepared for possible troubles that can come faster than we think. Global Warming can submerge the entire planet or a comet can hit the earth. I think people should be ready for any possible danger.
Помните, если Вы дали два аргумента в предыдущем абзаце, то и опровергнуть нужно обязательно оба. (В нашем случае был только 1 аргумент.)
5. Заключение с подтверждением авторской позиции.
В заключении надо суммировать всё, о чем говорилось в эссе и выразить свою точку зрения. Помните – никакой новой информации!
In conclusion, I would like to say it is difficult to keep doing space exploration when our national economic situation is not that good.
Далее даём читающему понять, что существует две точки зрения на данную проблему, Nevertheless, we should keep investing into space exploration because I strongly believe that one day it will bring the desired results.
и несмотря на противоположную точку зрения, мы всё-таки придерживаемся своей.
Thus, I support the idea that space exploration is worth doing.
Итого, подобное эссе имеет все шансы на получение 14 баллов, согласно критериям оценки.
Перед тем, как переписывать эссе на чистовик проверьте ошибки в сочинении. Найдите 10 ошибок в представленном сочинении.
1. Неверное согласование глагола have c подлежащим в 3-ем лице.
2. as much money as … т. к. money – неисч. сущ. в ед числе.
3. cannot всегда пишется слитно.
4. to have a possibility – пропущен артикль
5. It is – использование сокращений является нарушением нейтрального стиля.
6. Подмена союза that вопросительным местоимением what, что является распространённой ошибкой.
7. Неверное согласование глагола cost c подлежащим в Present Simple.
8. to think – думать, thing – вещь.
9. Орфографическая ошибка в слове possible
10. Неверное использование слова: economical – экономичный, economic – экономический.
Выберите одну из следующих тем и попробуйте написать своё сочинение, согласно плану.
Mankind always dreamed of overcoming gravitation and reaching other planets. But it was only in the 1960ies that this dream was to become reality.
The first man to overcome gravitation and orbit the Earth was Yuri Gagarin. This day went down in history of mankind as an outstanding achievement, opening the space era.
In the course of space exploration there have been lots of achievements of world science and technology. This period saw the launching of many earth satellites, numerous space laboratories. Among the achievements we may enumerate the landing of automatic stations on the Moon, the flights of space laboratories towards Venus and Mars.
Recently there have been calls to reduce expenditure on space research programmes. I think it would be a serious mistake to allow this to happen.
There is a direct link between the development of space research programmes and different earth technologies. The higher the former are the more developed the latter are.
Исследование космоса ( 2 )
Человечество всегда мечтало преодолеть силу земного притяжения и побывать на других планетах. Но только в шестидесятых годах этой мечте суждено было осуществиться.
Первым человеком, который преодолел силу земного притяжения и облетел вокруг планеты, был Юрий Гагарин. Этот день вошел в историю человечества как выдающееся достижение, открыл космическую эру.
В ходе космических исследований было сделано много открытий в мировой науке и технике. В это время были запущены многие спутники и многочисленные космические лаборатории. Среди достижений мы можем перечислить такие, как установление автоматических станций на Луне, полеты космических лабораторий на Венеру и Марс.
В последнее время раздаются призывы сократить расходы на программы космических исследований. Я думаю, было бы серьезной ошибкой допустить это.
Существует прямая зависимость между развитием программ космических исследований и различных земных технологий. Чем лучше программы, тем более развиты технологии.
Vocabulary:
on board — на борту
mankind — человечество
era — эра
in the course of — в ходе
world science and technology — мировая наука и техника
numerous — многочисленный
to enumerate — перечислять
flight — полет
was the first— to make — был первый, кто совершил
cosmonaut — космонавт
to land — приземляться
it would be a serious mistake to allow this to happen — было бы серьезной ошибкой допустить это
earth technologies — земные технологии
the former — первый (из двух)
tha latter — последний (из двух)
the higher. the more developed — чем выше. тем более развиты
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