Исаак ньютон реферат на английском языке

Обновлено: 04.07.2024

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And this is Steve Ember with the VOA Special English program, Explorations. Today we tell about one of the world's greatest scientists, Isaac Newton.

А я Стив Эмбер с программой "Пути в неведомое" из материалов VOA Special English. Сегодня мы расскажем об Исааке Ньютоне, одном из величайших учёных мира.

Much of today's science of physics is based on Newton's discovery of the three laws of motion and his theory of gravity. Newton also developed one of the most powerful tools of mathematics. It is the method we call calculus.

Современная физика во многом основана на открытых Ньютоном трёх законах движения и его теории гравитации. Также Ньютон разработал один из мощнейших разделов математики. Мы называем его методом исчисления бесконечно малых (величин).

Late in his life, Newton said of his work: "If I saw further than other men, it was because I stood on the shoulders of giants."

На закате жизни Ньютон так говорил о своей работе: "Если я видел дальше других людей, то это потому, что я стоял на плечах гигантов".

One of those giants was the great Italian scientist, Galileo. Galileo died the same year Newton was born. Another of the giants was the Polish scientist Nicholas Copernicus. He lived a hundred years before Newton.

Одним из этих гигантов был итальянский учёный Галилео Галилей. Галилео умер в год рождения Ньютона. Другим гигантом был польский учёный Николай Коперник. Он жил за сто лет до Ньютона.

Copernicus had begun a scientific revolution. It led to a completely new understanding of how the universe worked. Galileo continued and expanded the work of Copernicus.

Коперник начал научную революцию. Она привела к совершенно новому пониманию устройства Вселенной. Галилео продолжил и расширил учение Коперника.

Isaac Newton built on the ideas of these two scientists and others. He found and proved the answers for which they searched.

Исаак Ньютон исходил из идей этих двух учёных, а также других учёных. Он нашёл и доказал ответы на поставленные ими вопросы.

He was born early. He was a small baby and very weak. No one expected him to survive. But he surprised everyone. He had one of the most powerful minds in history. And he lived until he was eighty-four.

Родился недоношенным. Это был маленький и очень слабый ребёнок. Никто не думал, что он выживет. Но он удивил всех. Это был один из самых мощных умов в истории. И он дожил до 84 лет.

Newton's father died before he was born. His mother married again a few years later. She left Isaac with his grandmother.

Отец Ньютона умер ещё до его рождения. Мать через несколько лет вновь вышла замуж. Она оставила Исаака с бабушкой.

The boy was not a good student. Yet he liked to make things, such as kites and clocks and simple machines.

Newton also enjoyed finding new ways to answer questions or solve problems. As a boy, for example, he decided to find a way to measure the speed of the wind.

Ещё Ньютон любил находить новые ответы на вопросы и новые решения задач. Например, ещё мальчиком он решил найти способ измерения скорости ветра.

On a windy day, he measured how far he could jump with the wind at his back. Then he measured how far he could jump with the wind in his face. From the difference between the two jumps, he made his own measure of the strength of the wind.

В ветреный день он решил замерить длину своего прыжка, когда ветер дул ему в спину. Затем замерил длину прыжка при ветре, бьющем в лицо. Из разницы длин двух прыжков он измерил силу ветра.

Как ни странно, Ньютон стал лучше учиться после того, как какой-то мальчишка ударил его ногой в живот.

The boy was one of the best students in the school. Newton decided to get even by getting higher marks than the boy who kicked him. In a short time, Newton became the top student at the school.

Этот мальчишка был одним их лучших учеников в школе. Ньютон решил отплатить тем, что станет получать оценки лучше, чем его обидчик. За короткое время Ньютон стал лучшим учеником школы.

It soon became clear, however, that the boy was not a good farmer. He spent his time solving mathematical problems, instead of taking care of the crops. He spent hours visiting a bookstore in town, instead of selling his vegetables in the market.

Однако вскоре стало ясно, что мальчик неважный фермер. Он проводил время за решением математических задач вместо того, чтобы заботиться о посевах. Долгие часы он проводил в книжном магазине в городе вместо того, чтобы продавать на рынке овощи.

An uncle decided that Newton would do better as a student than as a farmer. So he helped the young man enter Cambridge University to study mathematics.

Его дядя решил, что лучше ему стать учёным, а не фермером. И он помог молодому человеку поступить в Кембриджский университет, чтобы изучать математику.

Newton completed his university studies five years later, in sixteen sixty-five. He was twenty-two years old.

At that time, a deadly plague was spreading across England. To escape the disease, Newton returned to the family farm. He did more thinking than farming. In doing so, he found the answers to some of the greatest mysteries of science.

В то время по всей Англии распространялась чума (смертоносный мор). Чтобы избежать болезни, Ньютон вернулся на семейную ферму. Он больше предавался размышлениям, чем фермерству. При этом он нашёл ответ на одну из величайших загадок науки.

Newton used his great skill in mathematics to form a better understanding of the world and the universe. He used methods he had learned as a boy in making things. He experimented. Then he studied the results and used what he had learned to design new experiments.

Используя свой талант математика, Ньютон достиг лучшего понимания нашего мира и всей Вселенной. Он пользовался навыками, которые получил в детстве, мастеря разные вещи. Он проводил опыты. Затем он изучал результаты своих опытов и планировал новые опыты, исходя из полученных знаний.

Newton's work led him to create a new method in mathematics for measuring areas curved in shape. He also used it to find how much material was contained in solid objects. The method he created became known as integral calculus.

Работы Ньютона привели к созданию нового математического метода измерения площадей фигур с искривлённой границей. Он также использовал этот метод для определения массы твёрдых тел. Созданный им метод получил название интегрального исчисления.

One day, sitting in the garden, Newton watched an apple fall from a tree. He began to wonder if the same force that pulled the apple down also kept the moon circling the Earth. Newton believed it was. And he believed it could be measured.

Однажды, сидя в саду, Ньютон увидел, как с яблони падает яблоко. Он задумался, не та же самая сила, которая притягивает яблоко, также заставляет Луну вращаться вокруг Земли. Ньютон считал, что та же самая. И верил, что сможет её измерить.

He decided that the strength of the force keeping a planet in orbit around the sun depended on two things. One was the amount of mass in the planet and the sun. The other was how far apart they were.

Он решил, что величина силы, удерживающей планету на орбите, зависит от двух вещей. Первое - величина массы планеты и солнца. Второе - расстояние между ними.

Newton was able to find the exact relationship between distance and gravity. He multiplied the mass of one space object by the mass of the other. Then he divided that number by the square of their distance apart. The result was the strength of the gravity force that tied them to each other.

Ньютону удалось найти точное соотношение между расстоянием и силой гравитационного притяжения. Он перемножил массы двух объектов. Затем разделил результат на квадрат расстояния. И получилась величина силы притяжения между двумя объектами.

Newton proved his idea by measuring how much gravity force would be needed to keep the moon orbiting the Earth. Then he measured the mass of the Earth and the moon, and the distance between them. He found that his measurement of the gravity force produced was not the same as the force needed. But the numbers were close.

Ньютон доказал эту идею, измерив силу гравитации, необходимую для удержания Луны на орбите Земли. Затем он измерил массы Земли и Луны и расстояние между ними. Он обнаружил, что полученное им значение силы отличалось от величины необходимой силы (для удержания Луны на орбите). Но они были близки.

Later, with correct measurements of the size of the Earth, he found that the numbers were exactly the same.

Ньютон уделял время изучению света и цвета. Он использовал трёхгранный кусок стекла, называемый призмой.

He sent a beam of sunlight through the prism. It fell on a white surface. The prism separated the beam of sunlight into the colors of a rainbow. Newton believed that all these colors - mixed together in light - produced the color white. He proved this by letting the beam of rainbow-colored light pass through another prism. This changed the colored light back to white light.

Он пропустил луч света через призму. Луч упал на белую поверхность. Призма разделила солнечный луч на цвета радуги. Ньютон решил, что все эти цвета, смешавшись, и дают белый цвет. Он доказал это, пропустив через другую призму лучи из всех цветов радуги. И окрашенные цвета слились в белый цвет.

Newton's study of light led him to learn why faraway objects seen through a telescope do not seem sharp and clear. The curved glass lenses at each end of the telescope acted like prisms. They produced a circle of colored light around an object. This created an unclear picture.

Изучение света позволило Ньютону понять, почему удалённые объекты в телескопе видятся размытыми, нечёткими. Изогнутые стеклянные линзы на концах телескопа действовали как призмы. Они создавали вокруг объекта круг из окрашенного цвета. Поэтому изображение становилось нечётким.

A few years later, Newton built a different kind of telescope. It used a curved mirror to make faraway objects seem larger.

Через несколько лет Ньютон создал другой телескоп. Он использовал искривлённое зеркало, чтобы удалённые объекты казались больше.

Light reflected from the surface of the mirror, instead of passing through a curved glass lens. Newton's reflecting telescope produced much clearer pictures than the old kind of telescope.

Свет отражался от поверхности зеркала, а не проходил через изогнутую стеклянную линзу. В отражательном телескопе Ньютона изображение получалось намного чётче, чем в телескопах старого типа.

Years later, the British astronomer Edmund Halley visited Newton. He said he wanted Newton's help in finding an answer to a problem no one had been able to solve. The question was this: What is the path of a planet going around the sun?

Спустя много лет в гостях у Ньютона побывал британский астроном Эдмунд Галлей. Он сказал, что ему нужна помощь Ньютона в решении одной задачи, которую никто не мог решить. Вопрос задачи таков: какова форма орбиты планеты, вращающейся вокруг Солнца?

Halley was surprised. He asked for Newton's proof. Newton no longer had the papers from his earlier work. He was able to recreate them, however. He showed them to Halley. He also showed Halley all his other scientific work.

Галлей был удивлён. Он попросил от Ньютона доказательств. Прежние работы у Ньютона не сохранились. Однако он смог восстановить их. Он показал их Галлею. Также он показал ему и все свои другие научные труды.

Halley said Newton's scientific discoveries were the greatest ever made. He urged Newton to share them with the world.

Галлей сказал, что научные открытия Ньютона беспримерны. Он убеждал Ньютона опубликовать их (поделиться ими с миром).

Newton began to write a book that explained what he had done. It was published in sixteen eighty-seven. Newton called his book “The Mathematical Principles of Natural Philosophy.” The book is considered the greatest scientific work ever written.

Ньютон начал писать книгу, где объяснял всё, что сделал. Она была опубликована в 1687 году. Ньютон назвал её "Математические начала натуральной философии". Эта книга считается величайшим в мире научным трудом.

In his book, Newton explains the three natural laws of motion. The first law is that an object not moving remains still. And one that is moving continues to move at an unchanging speed, so long as no outside force influences it.

В своей книге Ньютон объясняет три физических закона движения. Первый закон: без внешних сил неподвижный объект не может прийти в движение. А движущийся объект без внешних сил продолжает двигаться с неизменной скоростью.

Newton's second law of motion describes force. It says force equals the mass of an object, multiplied by the change in speed it produces in an object.

Второй закон Ньютона описывает силу. Он говорит, что сила равна массе объекта, умноженной на изменение скорости (ускорение), которое эта сила вызывает.

From these three laws, Newton was able to show how the universe worked. He proved it with easily understood mathematics. Scientists everywhere accepted Newton's ideas.

На основе этих трёх законов Ньютон смог показать, как устроена (работает) Вселенная. Он доказал это просто и убедительно. Учёные повсюду приняли идеи Ньютона.

The leading English poet of Newton's time, Alexander Pope, honored the scientist with these words: "Nature and nature's laws lay hid in night. God said, -'Let Newton be!' - and all was light."

Александр Поуп, ведущий английский поэт времён Ньютона, воздал честь учёному такими словами: "Природа и законы природы лежали, скрытые во тьме. Бог сказал: "Да будет Ньютон!" - и свет осветил всё."

This Special English program was written by Marilyn Christiano and Frank Beardsley. This is Shirley Griffith.

And this is Steve Ember. Listen again next week for another Explorations program on the Voice of America.

Исаак Ньютон

Исаак Ньютон оставил свой след и в российской истории. Именно при его непосредственном участии Светлейший князь, первый губернатор Санкт-Петербурга Александр Меншиков был принят в члены Лондонского королевского общества. Прочитать об этом можно в статье "Исаак Ньютон сделал Александра Меншикова первым русским членом Лондонского королевского общества" из раздела "Статьи на английском".

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Sir Isaac Newton

Sir Isaac Newton was born on 4 January 1643. However, at the time of his birth there was no calendar record, hence, his date of birth was recorded as 25 December 1642.

During his teenage years, he studied at the King's School, Grantham. However, he was encouraged by his mother to become a farmer but Isaac Newton did not like farming.

He later studied at Trinity College, Cambridge and he was working while studying. Though, Aristotle methods and ideas were more common during his days in school, Isaac Newton showed more interests in Copernicus, Galileo, Kepler and Decartes. He was a mathematician, theologian, English physicist, astronomer, philosopher, and alchemist.

Among his works are the following:

 In 1687, his work - Philosophia Naturalis Principia Mathematica was published which was the foundation of mechanics

 He stated the principles of the conservation of both momentum and angular momentum

 He explained gravitation and its effect on the orbits of planets

 He explained three laws of motion

 He built the first practical reflecting telescope

 He developed a theory of color based on an experiment using a prism

 He stated definitely an empirical law of cooling and studied the speed of sound

 In mathematics, Newton and Gottfried Leibniz developed the differential and integral calculus

 He demonstrated the generalized binomial theorem

 He developed "Newton's method" for approximating the zeroes of a function

 He contributed to the study of power series

 Newton engaged himself in Biblical hermeneutics (the principles of the translation of the Bible).

From 1689 to 1690, he was a member of the Parliament of England. The Parliament of England was the legislature of the Kingdom of England. In 1696, he was a warden of the Royal Mint. The Royal Mint of the United Kingdom is the organization that is allowed to make or mint coins in the United Kingdom and also exports coins to many other countries. It also makes decorative medals, military medals, and many other items for governments, schools and businesses. The Mint has been operating for over 1,100 years ago, but started to function as a Trading Fund organization since 1975. He was known as the Master of the Mint during his days and he held this position until his death. In the government of Scotland and England between 16th and 19th century, the office of the Master of the Mint was very important. It was the highest of the Royal Mint. The appointment was usually for life until 1699 when it was changed. The office was later abolished as an independent position in 1870.

Sir Isaac Newton changed the Pound Sterling from the silver standard to the gold standard. This made gold penny more accepted and the silver coins were melted and shipped out of Britain.

In 1703, he became the President Royal Society in 1703. The Royal Society of London is a learned society science. It was founded in 1660 after King Charles II was restored. Hence, the society was supported and was made well established by the restored monarchy. Fellowship is given to scientists after they must have been elected by election and it is considered to be a great honor.

In April 1705 Isaac Newton became a Knight bachelor. The Knight bachelor is the rank of a man who has been knighted by the monarch. Newton was knighted by Queen Anne during one of her royal visit to Trinity College, Cambridge. Like other knights, Knights Bachelor are styled "Sir". Hence, he was addressed as Sir Isaac Newton after the occasion.

In the later part of his life, Sir Isaac Newton wrote more topics on religion especially Christianity. He also did lots of alchemy.
On 31March 1727, Sir Isaac Newton died in London.

Newton, one of the greatest scientists of all times was born in 1642 in the little village in Lincolnshire, England. His father was a farmer and died before Newton was born. His mother was a clever woman whom he always loved.

After the school, Newton studied mathematics at Cam­bridge university and received his degree in 1665. Then the university was closed because of the danger of plague and Newton went home for eighteen months. It was most impor­tant period in his when he made his three great discover­ies — the discoveries of the differential calculuses, of the nature of white light, and of the law of gravitation.

These discoveries are still important for the modern sci­ence. Newton had always been interested in the problems of light. Many people saw colours of a rainbow but only Newton showed, by his experiments, that white light consists of these colours.

Newton died at the age of 84, and was buried in West­minster Abbey, where his monument stands today.

Исаак Ньютон

Ньютон, один из величайших ученых всех времен, ро­дился в 1642 году в маленькой деревеньке в графстве, Лин­кольншир в Англии. Его отец был фермером и умер, преж­де чем родился Ньютон. Его мать была умной женщиной, которую он всегда любил.

После школы Ньютон изучал математику в Кембридж­ском университете и в 1665 году получил ученую сте­пень. Затем университет закрылся из-за угрозы чумы, и Ньютон уехал домой на полтора года. Это был самый важный период в его жизни, когда он сделал три великих открытия — открытие дифференциального исчисления, природы белого света и закона всемирного тяготения.

Эти открытия все еще важны для современной науки. Ньютон всегда интересовался проблемами света. Многие видели цвета радуги, но только Ньютон в результате своих экспериментов доказал, что белый свет состоит из этих цветов.

Ньютон умер в возрасте 84 лет и был похоронен в Вест­минстерском аббатстве, где и находится сейчас памятник в его честь.

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Sir Isaac Newton was born on 4 January 1643. However, at the time of his birth there was no calendar record, hence, his date of birth was recorded as 25 December 1642.

During his teenage years, he studied at the King's School, Grantham. However, he was encouraged by his mother to become a farmer but Isaac Newton did not like farming.

He later studied at Trinity College, Cambridge and he was working while studying. Though, Aristotle methods and ideas were more common during his days in school, Isaac Newton showed more interests in Copernicus, Galileo, Kepler and Decartes. He was a mathematician, theologian, English physicist, astronomer, philosopher, and alchemist.

Among his works are the following:

  • In 1687, his work - Philosophia Naturalis Principia Mathematica was published which was the foundation of mechanics
  • He stated the principles of the conservation of both momentum and angular momentum
  • He explained gravitation and its effect on the orbits of planets
  • He explained three laws of motion
  • He built the first practical reflecting telescope
  • He developed a theory of color based on an experiment using a prism
  • He stated definitely an empirical law of cooling and studied the speed of sound
  • In mathematics, Newton and Gottfried Leibniz developed the differential and integral calculus
  • He demonstrated the generalized binomial theorem
  • He developed "Newton's method" for approximating the zeroes of a function
  • He contributed to the study of power series
  • Newton engaged himself in Biblical hermeneutics (the principles of the translation of the Bible).

From 1689 to 1690, he was a member of the Parliament of England. The Parliament of England was the legislature of the Kingdom of England. In 1696, he was a warden of the Royal Mint. The Royal Mint of the United Kingdom is the organization that is allowed to make or mint coins in the United Kingdom and also exports coins to many other countries. It also makes decorative medals, military medals, and many other items for governments, schools and businesses. The Mint has been operating for over 1,100 years ago, but started to function as a Trading Fund organization since 1975. He was known as the Master of the Mint during his days and he held this position until his death. In the government of Scotland and England between 16th and 19th century, the office of the Master of the Mint was very important. It was the highest of the Royal Mint. The appointment was usually for life until 1699 when it was changed. The office was later abolished as an independent position in 1870.

Sir Isaac Newton changed the Pound Sterling from the silver standard to the gold standard. This made gold penny more accepted and the silver coins were melted and shipped out of Britain.

In 1703, he became the President Royal Society in 1703. The Royal Society of London is a learned society science. It was founded in 1660 after King Charles II was restored. Hence, the society was supported and was made well established by the restored monarchy. Fellowship is given to scientists after they must have been elected by election and it is considered to be a great honor.

In April 1705 Isaac Newton became a Knight bachelor. The Knight bachelor is the rank of a man who has been knighted by the monarch. Newton was knighted by Queen Anne during one of her royal visit to Trinity College, Cambridge. Like other knights, Knights Bachelor are styled "Sir". Hence, he was addressed as Sir Isaac Newton after the occasion.

In the later part of his life, Sir Isaac Newton wrote more topics on religion especially Christianity. He also did lots of alchemy.
On 31March 1727, Sir Isaac Newton died in London.

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