Generations of computers реферат
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Занятие №61. Пять поколений компьютеров.
Тема ( согласно КТП и рабочей программе) : Пять поколений компьютеров.
Цель урока ( образовательная) : Формирование социолингвистической компетенции на материале заданной темы.
Задание для выполнения: материал в приложенном файле .
Время выполнения задания – 45 минут.
Инструментарий для выполнения работы:
Описание хода выполнения задания:
1. Устно ответьте на вопросы (3 минуты):
а). Сколько поколений компьютеров вам известно?
б). Чем характеризуется каждое поколение компьютеров?
в). Каким поколением компьютеров мы пользуемся в настоящее время.
2. Прочитайте статью о пяти поколениях компьютеров, при необходимости воспользуйтесь словарем (10 минут).
3. Ответьте снова на вопросы п.1, опираясь на материал текста, запишите ответы в электронный документ (5 минут).
3. Прочитайте и отработайте произношение слов, представленных в словаре после текста. Занесите новые для вас лексические единицы в электронный документ, выучите их (10 минут).
4. Прочтите текст еще раз и выполните упражнение 2 ( Ex .2). Найдите в тексте соответствие русским лексическим единицам, занесите их в электронный документ (10 минут).
5. Выполните упражнение 3 ( Ex .3). Составьте по одному вопросу к каждому абзацу текста (7 минут).
1. Отработайте произношение новых слов и выражений из текста и словаря – Vocabulary , выучить их значения.
2. Перескажите текст, опираясь на новые лексические единицы. При необходимости составьте краткое содержание каждого абзаца.
Материал для выполнения задания
Five generations of computers. From the history of computers
Ex. 1. Read the text, using the vocabulary.
The first generation of computers, which used vacuum tubes, came out in 1950. These computers could perform thousands of calculations per second. about 1960, the second generation of computers was developed and these could perform work ten times faster than their predecessors. The reason for this extra speed was the use of transistors instead of vacuum tubes.
Second-generation computers were smaller and faster. One of the best of these second-generation computers is Soviet BESM-6 (big electronic counting machine).
The third-generation computers began to appear in 1965. These computers could do a million calculations a second, which is 1000 times as many as first-generation computers; they are controlled by tiny integrated circuits and are consequently smaller and more dependable.
Fourth-generation computers have now arrived. They are based in ICs greatly reduced in size due to microminiaturization, which means that the circuits are much smaller than before. As many as 1000 tiny circuits now fit onto a single chip. Fourth-generation computers are 50 times faster than third-generation computers.
The most recent mainframe computers based on very large scale integration are becoming available in the mid-1980’s.
Each generation of computers has resulted from an advance in component technology, beginning with the replacement of the vacuum tube by the discrete transistor.
A major advance in the development of computer technology was the creation of microprocessors and microcomputers. The tiny and versatile computing devices are able to control complex operations from the control and monitoring to playing chess.
Analysis software, which together make up the whole computing system. The essence of the main generations of computers, their features and the existence of time. The use of breeds transistors, integrated and Very Large Scale Integrated circuits.
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The First Generation Of Computers Essay, Research Paper
The First Generation of Computers
The first generation of computers, beginning around the end of World War 2,
and continuing until around the year 1957, included computers that used vacuum
tubes, drum memories, and programming in machine code. Computers at that time
where mammoth machines that did not have the power our present day desktop
In 1950, the first real-time, interactive computer was completed by a
design team at MIT. The “Whirlwind Computer,” as it was called, was a revamped
U.S. Navy project for developing an aircraft simulator. The Whirlwind used a
cathode ray tube and a light gun to provide interactively. The Whirlwind was
linked to a series of radars and could identify unfriendly aircraft and direct
interceptor fighters to their projected locations. It was to be the prototype
for a network of computers and radar sites (SAGE) acting as an important element
of U.S. air defense for a quarter-century after 1958.
In 1951, the first commercially-available computer was delivered to the
Bureau of the Census by the Eckert Mauchly Computer Corporation. The UNIVAC
(Universal Automatic Computer) was the first computer which was not a one-of-a-
kind laboratory instrument. The UNIVAC became a household word in 1952 when it
was used on a televised newscast to project the winner of the Eisenhower-
Stevenson presidential race with stunning accuracy. That same year Maurice V.
Wilkes (developer of EDSAC) laid the foundation for the concepts of
microprogramming, which was to become the guide for computer design and
In 1954, the first general-purpose computer to be completely
transistorized was built at Bell Laboratories. TRADIC (Transistorized Airborne
Digital Computer) held 800 transistors and bettered its predecessors by
functioning well aboard airplanes.
In 1956, the first system for storing files to be accessed randomly was
completed. The RAMAC (Random-Access Method for Accounting and Control) 305
could access any of 50 magnetic disks. It was capable of storing 5 million
characters, within a second. In 1962, the concept was expanded with research in
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