The category of mood of the verb кратко

Обновлено: 06.07.2024

The category of MOOD is the most controversial category of the verb.

The category of MOOD expresses the character of connection between the process denoted by the verb and the actual reality, either presenting the process as a fact that really happened, happens or will happen, or treating it as an imaginary phenomenon, i.e. the subject of a hypothesis (предположение), speculation (размышление), desire.

Strong member (Forms of oblique mood meaning, i.e. those of unreality)
Weak member (Forms of direct mood meaning, i.e. those of reality)

Division of moods:

indicative (actually taking place)
conditional (merely imaginary)

One of the important differences between the indicative and the other moods is that the meaning of “tense” does not go with the meanings of subjunctive mood and imperative mood. “Tense” reflects the real time of a real action. The imperative and the subjunctive moods represent the action as real, but as desired or imagined, and the notions of real time are discarded.

Number of MOODS:

Ilyish 3 MOODS (indicative, subjunctive, imperative)- meaning form;
M.Deutschbein : 16 MOODS а functional approach;
Prof. Smirnitsky (+ O.S.Akhmanova, M.Gashina, N.Vasilevskaya): 6 MOODS (indicative, imperative, subjunctive I, subjunctive II, suppositional, conditional) - form и meaning;
L.S.Barhudarov, D.A. Shteling: 2 MOODS (indicative, subjunctive);
G .N.Vorontsova: 4 MOODS ( indicative, optative speculative, presumptive ).

Subjunctive MOOD includes forms homonymous with Past and Past Perfect, but they differ in time correlation and absence of time as such.

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Grammatical meaning, form, categories.

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The verbal system in Old English (grammatical categories)

The category of mood of the verb. The category of MOOD is the most controversial category of the verb. The category of MOOD expresses the character of connection between the process denoted by the verb and the actual reality.

The grammatical category of mood makes up a part of a general linguistic category of modality. Verbal mood is regarded as primary modality, while such lexical groups as modal verbs (e. g. can, must should ) and modal words (e. g. perhaps, probably) as well as the prosodic feature of intonation are considered to be the means of secondary modality.

The category of mood has been given various definitions. One of them reads: The category of mood expresses the relation of the action to reality as stated by the speaker. In other words, the category of mood expresses the character of connection between the process denoted by the verb and the actual reality, either presenting the process as a fact that really happened, happens or will happen (the indicative mood), or treating it as an imaginary phenomenon, i. e. the subject of a hypothesis, speculation, desire (the imperative mood, the subjunctive mood). This system of three moods is typical of practical grammar courses.

The imperative mood in English is represented by the base form of the verb, or the bare infinitive, e. g. Come! There are also lexicogrammatical forms of the imperative with the verb let, e. g.: Let the children do it; Let’s go and have some coffee. The imperative mood forms are limited in their use to one type of sentences, namely, imperative sentences. Most British and American scholars do not recognize the verbal category of the imperative mood, they prefer to speak about the imperative sentences as a special type of utterances.

The subjunctive mood has its own problems. It can be expressed by both synthetic forms (infinitive, were, the past indefinite) and analytical forms (should/would + infinitive). The latter are not recognized by 58 many British and American scholars because they are homonymous to the word-combinations of modal verbs with the infinitive.

In the sphere of mood, the main division which is generally accepted is the division into the indicative mood and the other (oblique) moods: the imperative, the subjunctive, the suppositional, the conditional, etc. In linguistic literature one can find the number of English moods ranging from two to sixteen. The binary opposition of two moods is typical of structural approach. L. S. Barkhudarov recognizes the indicative mood and the imperative mood in English, while M. Y. Blokh distinguishes between the indicative mood and the subjunctive mood.

The variety of verbal moods is accounted for by the specific situation with this category in English as one and the same form may have two or more different meanings. For example, we should come in the sentence I think we should come here again tomorrow is equivalent to we ought to come, in the sentence If we knew that he wants us we should come to see him denotes a conditional action, in the sentence How queer that we should come at the very moment when you were talking about us denotes a real action. On the other hand, one and the same meaning can be expressed by different forms, e. g. I suggest that we go — I suggest that we should go; I wish they weren’t so noisy — I wish they wouldn’t be so noisy.

The described system of English verbal moods has not been completed in the historical development of the language. On the contrary, it is in the state of making and change, which may be illustrated by the fluctuating use of the auxiliaries should and would. Thus, our task is to register these phenomena, to explain their mechanism, to show the tendencies of usage in terms of systematic context and stylistic preferences.

Вопрос 4. Types of sentences according to a) types of communication b)structure

The sentence is a communicative unit, therefore the primary classification of sentences must be based on the communicative principle. This principle is formulated in traditional grammar as the "purpose of communication". In accord with the purpose of communication three cardinal sentence-types have long been recognised in linguistic tradition: first, the declarative sentence; second, the imperative (inducive) sentence; third, the interrogative sentence. These communicative sentence-types stand in strict opposition to one another. The declarative sentence expresses a statement, either affirmative or negative. The imperative sentence expresses inducement, either affirmative or negative. The interrogative sentence expresses a question, i.e. a request for information wanted by the speaker from the listener.

Simple Sentence

A simple sentencecontains one independent clause - Robert doesn’t eat meat.

Compound Sentence -A compound sentencehas two independent clauses joined by a linking word (and, but, or, so, yet, however), although each independent clause could be a sentence by itself . f.ex Robert doesn’t eat meat, so Barbara made a special vegetarian dish for him

Complex Sentence -A complex sentence has one independent clause and one or more dependent clauses. f.ex Robert, a friend I’ve known since high school, doesn’t eat meat.

Compound-Complex Sentence -A compound-complex sentencecontains 3 or more clauses: 2 independent and at least 1 dependent clause. f. ex Robert, a friend I’ve known since high school, doesn’t eat meat – so Barbara made a special vegetarian dish for him.

Вопрос 4. Types of sentences according to a) types of communication b)structure

Simple Sentence

A simple sentencecontains one independent clause - Robert doesn’t eat meat.

Complex Sentence -A complex sentence has one independent clause and one or more dependent clauses. f.ex Robert, a friend I’ve known since high school, doesn’t eat meat.

Общие условия выбора системы дренажа: Система дренажа выбирается в зависимости от характера защищаемого.

Папиллярные узоры пальцев рук - маркер спортивных способностей: дерматоглифические признаки формируются на 3-5 месяце беременности, не изменяются в течение жизни.

Механическое удерживание земляных масс: Механическое удерживание земляных масс на склоне обеспечивают контрфорсными сооружениями различных конструкций.

Поперечные профили набережных и береговой полосы: На городских территориях берегоукрепление проектируют с учетом технических и экономических требований, но особое значение придают эстетическим.

Формы наклонения глагола показывают отношение действия к реальности. Это отношение устанавливается говорящим. В английском языке, как и в русском, есть три наклонения глагола: изъявительное (the Indicative Mood), выражающее действие как реальный факт в настоящем, прошедшем и будущем; повелительное (the Imperative Mood), выражающее просьбу и приказ; сослагательное (the Subjunctive / Oblique / Indirect Mood), выражающее нереальное или проблематичное действие. В статье о формах сослагательного наклонения мы говорили о четырех его типах: Subjunctive I Mood, Subjunctive II Mood, Suppositional Mood, Conditional Mood. Представим все наклонения глагола в виде схемы:

В условных предложениях (Conditional sentences) употребляются разные формы наклонения, в зависимости от типа условия (Type of Condition). Не нужно смешивать понятия “Conditional Mood” и “Conditional Sentence”. Безусловно, Conditional Mood употребляется в предложениях, выражающих условие (Conditional Sentences), но помимо Conditional Mood условие может выражаться и другими формами наклонения глагола. Следующая таблица демонстрирует употребление разных форм наклонения при выражении условия.

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Презентация Голубева Алла Дмитриевна РГПУ им. А. И. Герцена

Topic The verb: the category of mood. The definition of the grammatical category of mood. Mood and Modality. The number of moods in English. The traditional approach to the problem, the binary approach, the approach from meaning to form. The Indicative mood. Its boundaries. Means of expression. The Subjunctive mood. Forms and meaning. A. I. Smirnitskiy’s treatment of the problem. The Imperative mood, form and meaning. The problem of let forms.

The definition of the grammatical category of mood. Mood and Modality. The category of mood is the most controversial category of the verb. Professor Ilyish wrote : “the category of mood in the present English verb has given rise to so many discussions and has been treated in so many different ways that it seems hardly possible to arrive at any more or less convincing and universally acceptable conclusion concerning it”.

Extensive investigations were undertaken by Soviet scholars in the past decades. They are A.I. Smirnitsky, Ilyish, Barkhudarov and a number of others. The category of mood expresses the character of connection between the process denoted by the verb and the actual reality, either presenting the process as a fact that really happened, happens or will happen, or treating it as an imaginary phenomenon.

Academician V.Vinogradov wrote: “Mood expresses the relation of the action to reality as a stated by the speaker”.

mood = a way to express the attitude of the speaker to what is being said.

Mood is one of the kinds of modality, which may be expressed also by lexical means (modal verbs (may, can, must, etc.) and modal words (perhaps, probably, etc.)) and intonation (melody). Mood modality is based on the opposition: reality – unreality.

The number of moods in English. The traditional approach to the problem, the binary approach, the approach from meaning to form. The forms of the moods serve the needs of the speaker to present the action as real, unreal (contradicting the state of things in reality) or hypothetical. The category of mood presents the interpretation of the action by the speaker from the point of view of its relation to reality. Scholars differ greatly in the understanding of this category, its scope and, consequently, in the number of grammatical forms of the mood they find in English. This number- varies from two (in Barkhudarov's interpretation) to sixteeen (in Deutchbein's interpretation).

The Suppositional and Subjunctive I almost coincide in meaning but differ in style and usage. Professor Barkhudarov finds only 2 moods: Imperative and Indicative, the latter may express unreality by the shifting of tenses or context. He puts Subjunctive I as Imperative on the ground that they both are similar in form and meaning. E.g. I suggest that he go there. Go there!

Some of the scholars (Plotkin) are of the opinion that there is no morphological system of moods at all and various mood meanings are expressed syntactically and by lexico-semantic means. The mood forms are often homonymous and synonymous and their meanings often depend on the context. E.g. I wish he would go. He would go if you went. He said he would go. Various oblique mood meanings are connected with syntax rather than with morphology and one and the same meaning may be expressed by different forms: If he came. If he had come. Should he come.

Most of the soviet grammarians distinguish three moods in Modern English. It is a traditional division Indicative expressing real facts. Imperative expressing command, order, request. Subjunctive expressing something desirable, problematic, unreal etc

In our interpretation and classification of moods we shall follow the classification system of moods presented by Smirnitsky. It appears to be the most consistent because it is meaning-oriented and it also takes into consideration the difference between an analytical form and a free syntactic combination.

His system of moods includes six moods: the Indicative, the Imperative, Subjunctive I, Subjunctive II, the Conditional Mood the Suppositional mood

The Indicative mood presents the action as real from the speaker's point of view. It is the most frequently used type of mood and it has the greatest number of forms. The forms of the Indicative mood are used in two communicative types of sentences: declarative and interrogative.

Morphologically it’s the most developed system including all the categories of the verb. Semantically it’s a fact mood. It serves to present an action as a fact of reality. It’s the most objective of all the moods. It conveys minimum personal attitude to the fact: Ex. Water consists of oxygen.

Indicative means "stating a fact." The indicative mood is a category of verb forms that we use to state facts. Examples: "Joe plays outside." (The speaker thinks it's a fact.) "It will rain soon." (The speaker thinks it's a fact.) "She was studying all day long." (The speaker thinks it's a fact.) The indicative mood is the basic mood of verbs in English.

The Indicative has no special forms of expression – it is all the tenses in active and passive. H. Sweet calls it a fact mood. Its modal meaning is reality and it may be considered as expressing zero modality.

4. The Subjunctive mood. Forms and meaning. A. I. Smirnitskiy’s treatment of the problem. "I wish I had some cheese. " (It is not a fact yet. It is a possibility in the speaker's mind.)

Examples: "It may snow tomorrow." (It is not a fact yet. It is a possibility in the speaker's mind.) (Incorrect: "It will snow tomorrow.") "I would do it if I had the time." (It is not a fact. It depends on me having the time.) "You should listen to your parents." (It is not a fact. It is a suggestion.) I suggest that Robert wait a few minutes. (It is not a fact. It is a suggestion.) (Incorrect: "I suggest that Robert waits a few minutes.") It's important that Sandra leave on time. (It is not a fact. It is what needs to be done.) (Incorrect: "It's important that Sandra leaves on time.")

"I doubt if Mary would forget your birthday." (It is not a fact that Mary will forget the birthday. The speakers has doubts about it.) "Father insisted that Jeniffer go to school." (It is not a fact that Jeniffer will go to school. It is father's intention.) (Incorrect: "Father insisted that Jeniffer goes to school.") If he had worked harder, he would have completed the task on time. (He didn't work harder, so he didn't complete the task on time.) "I wish I were faster." (I am not faster. This is a wish in my mind.) (Incorrect: "I wish I was faster.") "If I were you, I would accept the offer." (I am not you. This is an unreal condition in my mind.) (Incorrect: "If I was you, I will accept the offer.") "I wish it were summer now." (It is not summer now. This is a wish in my mind.) (Incorrect: "I wish it is summer now.") "She suggests that Michael move to the sales department." (Incorrect: "She suggests that Michael moves to the sales department.") All these sentences were examples of the use of the subjunctive mood.

We follow the Smirnitskij's classificaion. It is the most constant & meaning oriented. His system includes 6 Moods: Real___________Hypothetical_______________Unreal_____ (Indicative) (Imperative,subj1,Suppos) (Subj2,Condition)

The Subjunctive mood may be expressed both synthetically and analytically. E.g. I wish you were here. Professor Smirnitsky distinguishes 4 oblique moods: Subjunctive I, Subjunctive II, the Conditional and the Suppositional. Each of them differs in modal meaning and in form.

1) Subjunctive I expresses synthetically a problematic action, which doesn’t contradict reality. E.g. He gave orders that we be present. 2) Subjunctive II expresses synthetically and analytically an unreal action. E.g. I wish you were not late. 3) The Conditional mood expresses analytically depended unreality: the realization of the action depends on some condition, which may not be expressed. E.g. It would be good to be here. 4) The Suppositional mood expresses analytically a problematic action, not contradicting reality. The realization of the action may depend on certain circumstances. E.g. Should you meet him, tell him to come The Suppositional and Subjunctive I almost coincide in meaning but differ in style and usage.

Suppositional mood specializes in the expression of hypothetical actions. The comparison of such sentences as "If he turns up tell him to -wait for me" and "Should he turn up tell him to wait for me" shows that both the verbal forms present the action as hypothetical but differ in the degree of certainty which is higher in the case of Present Indefinite Indicative.

5. The Imperative mood, form and meaning. The problem of let forms. "Get plenty of rest!" (This is a command.)

The Imperative mood is used to express inducement(побуждение, стимул) to action, which means that the speaker considers the action as desirable. The use of the Imperative mood is restricted to only one communicative type of sentences - imperative sentences.

Imperative means "expressing an order." The imperative mood is a category of verb forms that we use to express orders, instructions, commands or requests. Examples: "Go outside!" (This is a command.) "Close the door, please." (This is a request.) "Don't move the object." (This is an instruction.)

– represented by one form only, without any suffix or ending. Has no person, number, tense, aspect, it’s limited to one type of sentence only – Usually a verb in the imperative sentences has no pronoun, but may be used in emotional speech. – eq. You leave me alone! The Imperative mood expresses a command or a request to perform an action addressed to smbody, but not the action itself. As it doesn’t actually denote a specific action it has no tense category; the action always refers to the future. Aspect distinctions and voice distinctions aren’t characteristic of the imp.mood, although forms such as eq. be writing, be warned sometimes occur. The Imperative mood form coincides with the plain stem of the verb, for example – Come here! Sit down.

The negative form is built by means of the aux. DO: Eq Don’t be a fool. Don’t worry. Emphatic requests\commands: eq. Do come and stay with us. Do be quiet. commands and requests addressed to a second person The imperative mood is used only in imperative sentences and can’t be used in questions.

The problem of let forms. GROUP WHICH OUGHT NOT TO BE CLASSED UNDER MODAL CATEGORIES We must mention first the group let me go, let us go, let him (them) go the patterns "let + personal pronoun (in the objective case) or noun (in the common case) + infinitive' which may be used to denote

(1) a decision of the 1st person singular (i. e. of the speaker himself) to commit an action, or (2) an appeal to the 1st person plural, that is to one or more interlocutors to commit an action together with the speaker, or (3) an appeal to the 3rd person (singular or plural) to commit some action.

There is the question whether groups of this structure can or cannot be recognised as analytical forms of the imperative. This question must be answered in the negative for the following reasons. The noun or pronoun following the verb let stands in an object relation to this verb. This is especially clear with personal pronouns, which are bound to appear in the objective case form: Let me go (not I), let him go (not he), If we were to say that the formation "let + personal pronoun + infinitive" is a form of the imperative, we should have to accept the conclusion that the subject is expressed by a pronoun in the objective case (the nominative being impossible here), which is obviously unacceptable, as it would run counter to all the principles of English syntactic structure. This formation is therefore not an analytical form of the imperative mood, and the verb let not an auxiliary of that mood (or, indeed, of any other grammatical category).

Expressions of the type let me go, let us go, let him go are therefore not in any way morphological phenomena. They belong to syntax. The imperative mood is represented by 2nd person forms only.

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