Lexicology as a branch of linguistics доклад

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Название работы: Lexicology as a branch of linguistics. Parts /branches of lexicology. The connection of lexicology with other branches of linguistics

Предметная область: Иностранные языки, филология и лингвистика

Описание: Special lexicology – the lexicology of a particular language, i.e. the study and description of its vocabulary and vocabulary units, primarily words as the main units of language.; special lexicology is based on the principles worked out and laid down by general lexicology, a general theory of vocabulary. Special lexicology employs synchronic (q.v.) and diachronic (q.v.) approaches

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Lexicology as a branch of linguistics. Parts /branches of lexicology. The connection of lexicology with other branches of linguistics.

Lexicology 'science of the word', a branch of linguistics, which basic task is a study and systematic description of vocabulary in respect to its origin, development and current use.

general lexicology part of general linguistics, is concerned with the study of vocabulary irrespective of the specific features of any particular language;

special lexicology the lexicology of a particular language, i.e. the study and description of its vocabulary and vocabulary units, primarily words as the main units of language.; special lexicology is based on the principles worked out and laid down by general lexicology, a general theory of vocabulary. Special lexicology employs synchronic (q.v.) and diachronic (q.v.) approaches: - special descriptive lexicology (synchronic lexicology ) deals with the vocabulary and vocabulary units of a particular language at a certain time- special historical lexicology (diachronic lexicology) deals with the changes and the development of vocabulary in the course of time.

Branches:Semantics studies meanings of words . Etymology origin of words . Phraseology special lexical units (idioms, set-phrases, etc.)Lexicography an applied branch deals with science of compiling dictionaries.

Lexicology can study the development of the vocabulary, the origin of words and word-groups, their semantic relations and the development of their sound form and meaning. In this case it is called historical lexicology.

Another branch of lexicology is called descriptive and studies the vocabulary at a definite stage of its development.

Lexicology is closely connected with other branches of linguistics: phonetics, for example, investigates the phonetic structure of language & is concerned with the study of the outer sound-form of the word. Grammar is the study of the grammatical structure of language. It is concerned with the various means of expressing grammatical relations between words as well as with patterns after which words are combined into word-groups & sentences. There is also a close relationship between lexicology & stylistics, which is concerned with a study of a nature, functions & styles of languages.

Lexicology presents a wide area of knowledge.Historical lexicology deals with the historic change of words in the course of lang. development. Comparative lexicology studies closely relative languages from the point of view of their identity and differentiation. Contrastive - both relative and unrelative languages establishes differences and similarity. Applied lexicology - translation, lexicography, pragmatics of speech.

Lexicology investigates various meaning relations existing in the lang., how the lexicon words to provide and support meaningful communication.Each word is a part of entire system language vocabulary. Every item of a language stands closely with 2 other items.the sintagmatic level the paradygmatic level.

On the sintagmatic level the semantic structure of a word is analyzed in its linear relationships with neighbouring words.

On the paradigmatic level - relationship with other words in the vocabulary system: synonyms, polysemantic words, antonyms.

1.2.General and special lexicology. Historical and descriptive lexicology.

1.3.Links of lexicology with other branches of linguistics.

1.4.The word as the main language unit.

1.5.Main approaches to the study of lexical units.

1.1.The term "lexicology" is comprised of two Greek morphemes: lexis "word, phrase" and logos "learning, word". Thus the literal meaning of the term "lexicology" is "the study of the word".

Lexicology as a branch of linguistics studies the vocabulary of a language as a system of lexical units, primarily words. Another term for vocabulary is "word-stock", i.e. the word store, the sum total of words.

Traditionally, vocabulary units include words, e.g. dog, get, silly; morphemes, e.g. unfairly consists of the morphemes un-, -fair-, -ly; phraseological units, e.g. red tape, to break the ice.

The English vocabulary is enormous, it includes more than 600.000 words.

1.2. Distinction is made between general and special lexicology.

General lexicology is a part of general linguistics, it studies universal features of vocabularies of all or most languages,

Special lexicology is concerned with the vocabulary of a particular language,

e.g. Russian, English, French, etc.

Historical lexicology studies the origin and development of vocabulary as well as its separate units.

Descriptive lexicology deals with the vocabulary of a given language at a particular stage of its development,

e.g. lexicology of Modern English.

1.3. Lexicology is closely connected with other branches of linguistics, such as phonetics, grammar, stylistics, which also study words from various angles.

Lexicology is connected with Phonetics because the word is a two-facet unit which has both a form and meaning. Thus, the word can be defined as a series of sounds making up its form, and phonetics is concerned (among other things) with the study of the sound-form of words.

The link between phonetics and lexicology is based on the following:

(a) The recognition and understanding of a word is impossible without its proper pronunciation.

(b) The position of stress is used to distinguish words of identical sound-forms but different parts of speech,

e.g. 'rebel, n. - re'bel, v.; 'frequent, a. - fre'quent, v.

e.g. a 'dark 'room (a phrase, each component has its own stress),

a 'dark-room (a compound, only one stress).

Lexicology is linked with Grammar because the word is used in speech as a grammatical unit, in certain grammatical forms and functions. Grammar studies means of expressing grammatical relations between words in speech and patterns after which words are combined into word-groups and sentences.

The connection between lexicology and grammar is seen in the following:

(a) Each word belongs to some part of speech and has characteristics typical of it.

(b) The grammatical form and function of a word may determine its lexical meaning,

e.g. brother - brothers "sons of the same parents", brethren "fellow members of a religious society, trade union, regiment, guild, order, etc."

(c) A grammatical form of a word may split off and acquire a new lexical meaning, becoming a new word. This is called lexicalization of grammatical forms,

e.g. arm - arms (pl) , arms "weapons"; developments "events".

(d) Words are divided into notional words and form words. A word in one meaning may function as a notional word and in another as a form word,

e.g. He looked indifferently at the food. He looked indifferent.

(e) The morpheme is the central unit of morphology, a branch of grammar, and also a unit of which words are built, thus studied also in lexicology.

(f) The system of all grammatical forms of a word is called its paradigm. The paradigm is used as a derivational means in conversion, one of the ways of word-building.

There is also a close link between lexicology and Stylistics. Stylistics is concerned with the study of stylistic devices, on the one hand, and functional styles, on the other. Stylistics studies meaning, synonymy, antonymy, etc. not as such, but for the purpose of analysing texts, the effect they produce on the reader, in order to help the reader grasp the author's message.

1.4. The word is the basic unit of language. The principle characteristics of the word are as follows:

1) The word is a unity of the external and the internal structure, i.e. a unity of form and content; thus, it is a two-facet unit.

By the external structure of the word we mean its sound form, morphemic composition, and derivational structure.

The internal (or semantic) structure of the word is all its meanings together.

2) The word is characterized both by external (formal) unity and internal unity.

Its external unity means that a word possesses a single grammatical framing,

e.g. blackbird – blackbirds (pl). The first component black can't have any grammatical forms of its own, whereas in a word-group each constituent can have its own grammatical forms, e.g. the blackest birds I've ever seen.

In a word-group, other constituents can be inserted between its components,

e.g. a black night bird, which is impossible so far as the word is concerned. Its component morphemes are permanently linked together, unlike word-groups, whose components possess a certain amount of structural freedom.

Semantic (internal) unity means that each meaningful word conveys one concept,

e.g. in the word-group a green house each word conveys its own concept: green "coloured like grass", house "a building". The word greenhouse conveys only one concept "a building of glass for rearing delicate plants".

3) The word is a cluster of formsand variants:

a) phonetic variants, e.g. schedule ['skedju:l], again [ə'geın] ;ʒʒ ə

b) morphological variants, e.g. dreamed/dreamt, dived/dove (AmE);

c) parallel formations of the type geographic/geographical;

(but compare historic - historical, which are separate words);

d) lexico-semantic variants, by which we mean one polysemantic word in its different meanings,

e.g. bird 1) a feathered living creature

2) (sl) young woman

In speech, a certain variant of a word is used in every speech act, but all its variants are identified by language users as making up one and the same word.

4) The word is capable of grammatical employment. In speech, it is used in one of its grammatical forms, which are the smallest units at syntactic level, in a certain function.

Lexicology is a branch of linguistics which deals with lexis, the study and analysis of words. Its basic task is a systematic description of the vocabulary of some particular language in respect to its origin, development and current use.

Functionally the word is the potential minimum of the sentence capable of being directly correlated with a thing-meant as a reverberation (отражение в сознании) of a given segment of reality. Lexicology presents a wide area of knowledge.

Within its scope are included

historical lexicology which deals with a historical change of words in the course of language development throughout centuries;

comparative lexicology studying closely related languages from the point of view of their typological identity or differentiation.

contrastive lexicology- a new type of studies, aimed at establishing facts of similarities and differences between both related and unrelated languages;

applied lexicology- covering terminology and lexicography, translation, linguodidactics and pragmatics of speech.

Among the different branches of lexicology the functional approach stands out as describing the ways in which words are used to provide and support meaningful communication. In communication we use language to address the world. Words are crucial because they provide a commonly shared medium for conveying meanings and messages.Every word names a given reverent and not another one and this relationship being firmly rooted in the system of language, creates the indispensable basis for establishing in verbal intercourse.

Этот треугольник предполагает, что нет безусловной связи между словом и референтом. The word can be perceived as the total sum of the sounds which comprise it. The modern approach to word studies is based on distinguishing between the external(буквы) and the internal (meaning) structures of the word. Another structural aspect of the word is its unity. The word possesses both external unity and semantic unity(семантический и формальный). The formal unity of the word can best be illustrated by comparing a word and a word-group comprising identical constituents. For example a blackbird(дрозд) and a black bird(черная птица)

ablackbird(semantic,потому что одно понятие у слова) ; ablackbird ( external, два понятия цвет и вид живого существа)

The word is a speech unit used for the purposes of human communication, materially represented group of sounds, possessing a meaning, susceptible to grammatical employment and characterized be formal and semantic unity

Lexicology has lots of connections with other branches which also have word as a central unit. If lexicology studies the meaning of the word, Grammar studies grammatical problems. Both study roots, morphemes, affixes. But, unlike grammar, lexicological function is to name objects.Word is the smallest part of the sentence, and the sentence in its turn is the smallest communicative unit. Also it lexicology has connections with Phoenetics. If we change the stress, we change the meaning of the word and even part of the speech: rEcord – recOrd, cOment – comEnt; blackboard – black board, blackbird – black bird. Also it has some links with Stylistics. One of the problems of lexicology is stylistic characteristics. Stylistics studies different stylistic styles. The reflection of the style is in the text. E.g. bookish style we often can find in classical fiction or textbooks; collocations – in speech. And the last connection is with Social Lingusitics (Cultural Studies): language is a part of the culture, it’s a reflection of the mentality of people. There are some specific word combinations and associations in every language. E.g. professions: kindness is associated with social workers.

There are some special Problems in lexicology: word formation and word combination. Phraseology (science about phrases) studies it. When we start studying a new language, we try to know all the words and their meaning. And especially collocations that are unique in every language: wash hair – мыть голову, wash head – “намылить шею“. Specific feature of English is the Polysemy and Homonymy. Why? 1) It has a great number of monosyllabic words; 2) Its analytical character. Word order is also very important. Lexicology studies words. A word has a meaning and a form. The approaches to find the meaning of the word are the following: 1) Syntagmatic – surrounding, neighbouring words help to deduce the meaning; 2) Paradigmatic – with the help of synonyms and antonyms. Word formation: 1) Compounding (Composition) – joining of several stems; 2) Convertion – one part of speech into another; 3) Affixation. One more problem – Stylistic characteristics.

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Lexicology as a Branch of Linguistics Lexicology: central terms. Parts and areas of lexicology. Two approaches to language study. Lexical units. Varieties of words.

References Антрушина Г. Б. Лексикология английского языка / Г. Б. Антрушина, О. В. Афанасьева, Н. Н. Морозова. – М. : Дрофа, 2006. – С. 6 – 10. Арнольд И. В. Лексикология современного английского языка : учеб. для ин-тов и фак. иностр. яз. – 3-е изд., перераб. и доп. / И. В. Арнольд – М. : Высш. шк., 1986. – C. 9 – 27. Гвишиани Н. Б. Современный английский язык. Лексикология / Н. Б. Гвишиани. – М. : Академия, 2015. – С. 14 – 24. Гинзбург Р.З. Лексикология английского языка / Р. З. Гинзбург. М. Высшая школа, 1979. – С. 7 – 11 . Зыкова И. В. Практический курс английской лексикологии / И. В. Зыкова. М.: Академия, 2006. – С. 6 – 7. Мизин Т.О. Курс лекцій з порівняльної лексикології англійської та української мов : навч. посіб. для студентів III курсу факультету лінгвістики / Т. О. Мизин.. – Київ, 2005.

I. Lexicology: central terms Lexicology – a branch of linguistics; Word - the basic unit of a language; Vocabulary - the system formed by the total sum of all the words

Lexicology is the part of linguistics dealing with the vocabulary of the language and the properties of words as the main units of language.

Basic task : a systematic description of the vocabulary of a given language in respect of its origin, development and current use.

II. Parts of Lexicology General Lexicology – the study of vocabulary irrespective of the specific features of any particular language; Special Lexicology – the Lexicology of a particular language (English, Ukrainian, etc.), i.e. the study and description of its vocabulary and vocabulary units.

Areas of Lexicology Historical Lexicology. Descriptive Lexicology. Comparative Lexicology. Contrastive Lexicology. Combinatorial Lexicology. Applied Lexicology.

Functional Approach stands out as describing how words are used in discourse to provide and support meaningful communication.

Modern English Lexicology studies: Semasiology. Word-Structure. Word-Formation. Etymology of the English Word-Stock. Word-groups and Phraseological Units. Variants of The English Language. Lexicography.

III. Two Approaches to Language Study The synchronic (descriptive) approach is concerned with the vocabulary of a language as it exists at a given time or at the present time. The diachronic (historical) approach refers to Historical Lexicology that deals with the evolution of the vocabulary units of a language over time.

IV. Lexical Units Morphemes – the smallest indivisible two-facet language unit: stress-full. Word – the basic unit of language system. Word-group – the largest two-facet lexical unit comprising more than one word: a high tree. Phraseological unit – the group of words whose combination is integrated as a unit with a specialised meaning of the whole: a red tape.

flower, wall, taxi – words denoting objects of the outer world; flower, wall, taxi – words denoting objects of the outer world; Black frost - ‘frost without snow’, red tape - ‘bureaucratic methods’, a skeleton in the cupboard – ‘a fact of which a family is ashamed and which it tries to hide’ - phraseological units

V. Varieties of Words The word – a two-facet unit possessing both form and content or soundform and meaning. Neither can exist without the other.

Paradigm – the system showing a word in all its word-forms. Paradigm – the system showing a word in all its word-forms. Word-forms – grammatical forms of words: e.g. walk, walks, walked, walking; e.g. singer, singer’s, singers, singers’. His brother is a well-known singer. I wonder who has taken my umbrella.

Variants of Words Group One Lexical varieties - lexico-semantic variant – the word in one of its meanings. e.g. green LSV1 - colour of grass; LSV2 - not ready to be eaten; LSV3 - not experienced; LSV4 - made of green leaves of vegetables; etc.

Variants of Words Group Two phonetic variants: often [‘O:fn] and [‘O:ftn]; again [ə’gein] and [ə’gen]. morphological variants: learned [-d] and learnt [-t]; geologic – geological, etc.

Conclusion The importance of English lexicology is based not on the size of its vocabulary, however big it is, but on the fact that at present it is the world’s most widely used language.

The theoretical value of lexicology becomes obvious if we realise that it forms the study of one of the three main aspects of language, i.e. its vocabulary, the other two being its grammar and sound system.

A slight change in the morphemic or phonemic composition of a word is not connected with any modification of its meaning. A slight change in the morphemic or phonemic composition of a word is not connected with any modification of its meaning. Like word-forms variants of words are identified in the process of communication as making up one and the same word. Thus, within the language system the word exists as a system and unity of all its forms and variants

Печатается по решению редакционно-издательского совета ГОУ НГЛУ им. Н.А. Добролюбова.

Специальность: Теория и методика преподавания иностранных языков и культур

Дисциплина: Лексикология английского языка

Ретунская М.С. Основы английской лексикологии: Курс лекций. –

Рецензент Т.В. Сухарева, канд. филол. наук., доцент

Lexicology as a branch of linguistics……………………………………

Lexicography……………………………………………………………..

Historical outline ………………………………………………..

The typology of dictionaries ……………………………………

Classification of dictionaries according to their contents ……….

Theoretical problems of lexicography …………………………..

Etymology……………………………………………………………….

Historical outline ………………………………………………..

Native words in English, their role and classification …………..

Borrowed words in English, their assimilation ………………….

A survey of borrowings in English against historical background

Morphological structure of English words……………………………..

Word-building in English………………………………………………..

Affixation ………………………………………………………..

Composition ……………………………………………………..

Conversion ………………………………………………………

Minor ways of word-building ………………………………….

Semasiology……………………………………………………………….

Word-meaning, its structure …………………………………….

Plurality of meaning (polysemy) ………………………………..

Change of meaning …………………………………………….

Transfer of meaning ……………………………………………..

Semantic groupings in English vocabulary ……………………..

Synonyms ……………………………………………………

Antonyms …………………………………………………….

Homonyms …………………………………………………..

Phraseology……………………………………………………………….

The origin of phraseological units ………………………………

Classification of phraseological units ………………………….

Proverbs, Sayings, Familiar Quotations, Cliches ………………..

Replenishment of the vocabulary……………………………………….

Neologisms …..………………………………………………….

Occasional words ………………………………………………..

Obsolete words………………………………………………………….

American English……………………………………………………….

For the purpose pf communication every language has special units ready for usage – words with the help of which any speaker can nominate the objects of the extralinguistic world and their qualities, his own mental and psychical phenomena, and word combinations which also function as complex names, and morphemes, the smallest meaningful units of the language system with the help of which we can build (derive) any unit of nomination. Taken together these units form the system of lexical units of the language, or its vocabulary.

At the same time lexical units represent material for further word-formation. We reproduce them automatically in speech – syntactical units (phrases, sentences) are formed in the process of communication; they are not ready-made. No doubt, in the process of communication speakers can create new words which never existed in the vocabulary of the language but they will become the constituent elements of the vocabulary only when they pass the process of social approbation and will be accepted by the society.

Lexicology as a branch of linguistics is closely connected with its other branches. Phonetics, for example is interested in lexical units from the point of view of their sound structure, grammar studies grammatical aspects of lexical units abstracting from their individual and other properties. But, certainly, lexicology sets itself a lot of linguistic problems of its own.

Lexicology reveals the most essentual characteristics of lexical units, gives a systematic description of the vocabulary of the language, laws of its formation in the course of many centuries, functioning and further development.

One of the most important problems of lexicology is the study of word-meaning, semantic characteristics of lexical units, the connection of all the components of word meaning, polysemantic nature of the majority of English words, various changes of word-meaning in the process of communication.

Morphemes which constitute any word are studied from the point of view of their derivational potential – their activity in the process of word-building, their combinability with the basic units, and functions they fulfil in the language.

Combinability of linguistic units, the laws of their collocation, formation of stable word-collocations, their specific features are also studied by lexicology.

Systematic relations in the vocabulary, different types of semantic groupings (thematic groups, semantic fields, synonyms, antonyms, homonyms) have always been of special interest for lexicologists.

Lexicology does not limit itself to static description of the vocabulary. Great importance is attached to the dynamic side of the lexical system: the origin of lexical units, their etymology, the process of assimilation of borrowings, territorial and social peculiarities of lexical units.

It is worthy of note that lexicology as a branch of linguistics appeared due to the efforts of a great number of outstanding scholars in this country. Even the word “lexicology” is not found in European and American linguistics. It should also be mentioned that the approach used by the linguists in this country to the study of the vocabulary is lexicocentrical (лексикоцентрический).

The vocabulary of the language represents a system. We may study it synchronically, at a given stage of the language’s development or diachronically, in the context of the processes through which it grows and develops.

The vocabulary of any language is the result of a long historical process in the course of which many words came into disuse, became obsolete and a number of new words appears with any coming day, taking as a building material words and morphemes already existing in the language, combining them in every possible way or borrowing them from other languages and slowly adapting them to its own laws.

Lexicology today presents a vast area of linguistic knowledge. Thus, historical lexicology deals with historic development of the vocabulary against its socio-cultural background. Comparative lexicology studies closely related languages aiming at their typological identity or differentiation; contrastive lexicology establishes facts of similarities and differences of related and non-related languages; applied lexicology includes terminology and lexicography, translation, linguodidactics and pragmatics of speech.

The role and the power of a WORD in our life is really great, even mystical. There is a special, “intimate” relationship between us and the word, for a name calls up an entity in the world around us and vice versa. A word names only a given referent and this connection is based on the systemic character of our language, provides mutual understanding in the process of communication.

Beside giving us the key to the surrounding world words stimulate our emotional reaction to what has being said: words can hurt, excite, depress, gladden and exhilarate, help achieve the desired effect, set problems, conflicts and wars.

What is the relationship between words and things? From the point of view of formal approach words are just arbitrary signs which have no importance when compared with things, concepts or phenomena of the outer world. But those things and concepts form the necessary basis for words when they appear in the language. Of course, things and concepts come first, but they are dead till they are named by words.

In works of fiction the dominance of words (their specific choice) becomes evident; words are to help us to comprehend the author’s message.

Contents

Основы Английской лексикологии

М.С. Ретунская

Нижний Новгород 2006

Печатается по решению редакционно-издательского совета ГОУ НГЛУ им. Н.А. Добролюбова.

Специальность: Теория и методика преподавания иностранных языков и культур

Дисциплина: Лексикология английского языка

Ретунская М.С. Основы английской лексикологии: Курс лекций. –

Рецензент Т.В. Сухарева, канд. филол. наук., доцент

Lexicology as a branch of linguistics……………………………………

Lexicography……………………………………………………………..

Historical outline ………………………………………………..

The typology of dictionaries ……………………………………

Classification of dictionaries according to their contents ……….

Theoretical problems of lexicography …………………………..

Etymology……………………………………………………………….

Historical outline ………………………………………………..

Native words in English, their role and classification …………..

Borrowed words in English, their assimilation ………………….

A survey of borrowings in English against historical background

Morphological structure of English words……………………………..

Word-building in English………………………………………………..

Affixation ………………………………………………………..

Composition ……………………………………………………..

Conversion ………………………………………………………

Minor ways of word-building ………………………………….

Semasiology……………………………………………………………….

Word-meaning, its structure …………………………………….

Plurality of meaning (polysemy) ………………………………..

Change of meaning …………………………………………….

Transfer of meaning ……………………………………………..

Semantic groupings in English vocabulary ……………………..

Synonyms ……………………………………………………

Antonyms …………………………………………………….

Homonyms …………………………………………………..

Phraseology……………………………………………………………….

The origin of phraseological units ………………………………

Classification of phraseological units ………………………….

Proverbs, Sayings, Familiar Quotations, Cliches ………………..

Replenishment of the vocabulary……………………………………….

Neologisms …..………………………………………………….

Occasional words ………………………………………………..

Obsolete words………………………………………………………….

American English……………………………………………………….

Combinability of linguistic units, the laws of their collocation, formation of stable word-collocations, their specific features are also studied by lexicology.

Systematic relations in the vocabulary, different types of semantic groupings (thematic groups, semantic fields, synonyms, antonyms, homonyms) have always been of special interest for lexicologists.

In works of fiction the dominance of words (their specific choice) becomes evident; words are to help us to comprehend the author’s message.

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